C01BNON-METALLIC ELEMENTSCOMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01CIn this subclass, tradenames that are often found in scientific and patent literature have been used in order to define precisely the scope of the groups.Attention is drawn to the definitions of groups of chemical elements following the title of section C.The following IPC groups are not in the CPC scheme. The subject matter for these IPC groups is classified in the following CPC groups: C01B35/16, C01B35/18 covered by C01B35/00 In this subclass non-limiting references (in the sense of paragraph 39 of the Guide to the IPC) may still be displayed in the scheme. C01B3/00HydrogenHydridesWaterSynthesis gas from hydrocarbons C01B3/00HydrogenGaseous mixtures containing hydrogenSeparation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it separation of gases by physical means B01DPurification of hydrogen production of water gas or synthesis gas from solid carbonaceous material C10J; purifying or modifying the chemical compositions of combustible technical gases containing carbon monoxide C10KIn this group it is desirable to add the indexing codes of groups B01J2208/00 and B01J2219/00, for details relating to the reactors used in the generation of hydrogen or synthesis gas. In groups C01B3/12 - C01B3/18 and in groups C01B3/22 - C01B3/586 it is desirable to add the indexing codes of group C01B2203/00, for aspects relating to hydrogen or synthesis gas generation processes. C01B3/0005Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes purification of hydrogen C01B3/508; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes C01B3/001characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof C01B3/0015Organic compounds; Solutions thereof C01B3/0021Carbon, e.g. active carbon, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes; Treatment thereof C01B3/0026of one single metal or a rare earth metal; Treatment thereof In all of the groups C01B3/0026 - C01B3/0084, the metallic storage materials may contain minor quantities of non-metals such as B, C, O, S, Se, Si; e.g. C01B3/0036 "only containing iron and titanium" includes Fe-Ti compositions comprising non-metals In the groups C01B3/0026 and C01B3/0047 - C01B3/0068 a "rare-earth metal" means one single metal or a combination of metals selected from the lanthanides, Sc or Y C01B3/0031Intermetallic compounds; Metal alloys; Treatment thereof C01B3/0036only containing iron and titanium; Treatment thereof C01B3/0042only containing magnesium and nickel; Treatment thereof C01B3/0047containing a rare earth metal; Treatment thereof C01B3/0052also containing titanium C01B3/0057also containing nickel C01B3/0063only containing a rare earth metal and only one other metal C01B3/0068the other metal being nickel C01B3/0073Slurries, Suspensions C01B3/0078Composite solid storage mediums, i.e. coherent or loose mixtures of different solid constituents, chemically or structurally heterogeneous solid masses, coated solids or solids having a chemically modified surface region C01B3/0084Solid storage mediums characterised by their shape, e.g. pellets, sintered shaped bodies, sheets, porous compacts, spongy metals, hollow particles, solids with cavities, layered solids C01B3/0089Ortho-para conversion C01B3/0094Atomic hydrogen C01B3/02Production of hydrogen or of gaseous mixtures containing a substantial proportion of hydrogen C01B3/025Preparation or purification of gas mixtures for ammonia synthesis C01B3/04by decomposition of inorganic compounds, e.g. ammonia C01B3/0005 takes precedence C01B3/042Decomposition of water C01B3/045in gaseous phase C01B3/047Decomposition of ammonia C01B3/06by reaction of inorganic compounds containing electro-positively bound hydrogen, e.g. water, acids, bases, ammonia, with inorganic reducing agents by electrolysis of water C25B1/04 C01B3/061by reaction of metal oxides with water C01B3/063Cyclic methods C01B3/065from a hydride C01B3/066by reaction of water with phosphorus C01B3/068the hydrogen being generated from the water as a result of a cyclus of reactions, not covered by groups C01B3/063 or C01B3/105 C01B3/08with metals C01B3/10by reaction of water vapour with metals C01B3/105Cyclic methods C01B3/12by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide C01B3/14Handling of heat and steam C01B3/16using catalysts C01B3/18using moving solid particles C01B3/20by reaction of metal hydroxides with carbon monoxide C01B3/22by decomposition of gaseous or liquid organic compounds C01B3/0005 takes precedence ; coking liquid carbonaceous materials C10B55/00 C01B3/24of hydrocarbons C01B3/26using catalysts C01B3/28using moving solid particles C01B3/30using the fluidised bed technique C01B3/32by reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds with gasifying agents, e.g. water, carbon dioxide, air C01B3/323Catalytic reaction of gaseous or liquid organic compounds other than hydrocarbons with gasifying agents C01B3/326characterised by the catalyst C01B3/34by reaction of hydrocarbons with gasifying agents C01B3/342with the aid of electrical means, electromagnetic or mechanical vibrations, or particle radiations C01B3/344using non-catalytic solid particles C01B3/346using heat generated by superheated steam C01B3/348by direct contact with heat accumulating liquids, e.g. molten metals, molten salts C01B3/36using oxygen or mixtures containing oxygen as gasifying agents C01B3/363characterised by the burner used C01B3/366Partial combustion in internal-combustion engines C01B3/38using catalysts C01B3/382Multi-step processes C01B3/384the catalyst being continuously externally heated C01B3/386Catalytic partial combustion C01B3/388the heat being generated by superheated steam C01B3/40characterised by the catalyst C01B3/42using moving solid particles C01B3/44using the fluidised bed technique C01B3/46using discontinuously preheated non-moving solid materials, e.g. blast and run C01B3/48followed by reaction of water vapour with carbon monoxide C01B3/50Separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases from gaseous mixtures, e.g. purification C01B3/14 takes precedence C01B3/501by diffusion C01B3/503characterised by the membrane C01B3/505Membranes containing palladium C01B3/506at low temperatures C01B3/508by selective and reversible uptake by an appropriate medium, i.e. the uptake being based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions the appropriate mediums per se C01B3/0005 C01B3/52by contacting with liquidsRegeneration of used liquids C01B3/508 takes precedence C01B3/54including a catalytic reaction C01B3/56by contacting with solidsRegeneration of used solids C01B3/508 takes precedence C01B3/58including a catalytic reaction C01B3/583the reaction being the selective oxidation of carbon monoxide C01B3/586the reaction being a methanation reaction C01B4/00Hydrogen isotopesInorganic compounds thereof prepared by isotope exchange, e.g. NH₃ + D₂ → NH₂D + HD C01B5/00Water C01B5/02Heavy waterPreparation by chemical reaction of hydrogen isotopes or their compounds, e.g. 4ND₃ + 7O₂ ---> 4NO₂ + 6D₂O, 2D₂ + O₂ ---> 2D₂O C01B6/00Hydrides of metals including fully or partially hydrided metals, alloys or intermetallic compounds use of some thereof for reversible sorption of hydrogen C01B3/0005, C01B3/508; Compounds containing at least one metal-hydrogen bond, e.g. (GeH₃)₂S, SiH GeHMonoborane or diboraneAddition complexes thereof higher hydrides of boron, substituted hydrides of boron C01B35/00 C01B6/003Hydrides containing only one metal and one or several non-metals C01B6/006only one metal and one or several halogens C01B6/02Hydrides of transition elementsAddition complexes thereof C01B6/04Hydrides of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, beryllium or magnesiumAddition complexes thereof C01B6/06Hydrides of aluminium, gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin, lead, arsenic, antimony, bismuth or poloniumMonoboraneDiboraneAddition complexes thereof C01B6/065Hydrides of arsenic or antimony C01B6/10MonoboraneDiboraneAddition complexes thereof C01B6/11Preparation from boron or inorganic compounds containing boron and oxygen C01B6/13Addition complexes of monoborane or diborane, e.g. with phosphine, arsine or hydrazine C01B6/15Metal borohydridesAddition complexes thereof C01B6/17Preparation from boron or inorganic compounds containing boron and oxygen C01B6/19Preparation from other compounds of boron C01B6/21Preparation of borohydrides of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, magnesium or berylliumAddition complexes thereof, e.g. LiBH_4.2N₂H₄, NaB₂H₇ C01B6/23Preparation of borohydrides of other metals, e.g. aluminium borohydrideAddition complexes thereof, e.g. Li[Al(BH₄)₃H] C01B6/24Hydrides containing at least two metalsAddition complexes thereof C01B6/13 - C01B6/23 take precedence C01B6/243containing only hydrogen, aluminium and alkali metals, e.g. Li(AlH₄) C01B6/246also containing non-metals other than hydrogen C01B6/26Preparation from the metal with the highest valency or from its oxides or salts of its oxyacids C01B6/34PurificationStabilisation C01B7/00Halogens, compounds thereof C01B7/00HalogensHalogen acids oxyacids C01B11/00 C01B7/01ChlorineHydrogen chloride C01B7/012Preparation of hydrogen chloride from the elements C01B7/015Chlorine hydrates; Obtaining chlorine therefrom C01B7/017Preparation of hydrogen chloride by reacting together chlorine, water and carbon or carbon monoxide (the carbon not acting only as catalyst) C01B7/03Preparation from chlorides C01B7/035Preparation of hydrogen chloride from chlorides C01B7/04Preparation of chlorine from hydrogen chloride C01B7/05Preparation from ammonium chloride C01B7/055Preparation of hydrogen chloride from ammonium chloride C01B7/07Purification ; Separation C01B7/015 takes precedence C01B7/0706of hydrogen chloride C01B7/0712by distillation C01B7/0718by adsorption C01B7/0725by active carbon C01B7/0731by extraction C01B7/0737hydrogen chloride being extracted C01B7/0743of gaseous or dissolved chlorine C01B7/075of liquid chlorine C01B7/09BromineHydrogen bromide C01B7/093Hydrogen bromide C01B7/096Bromine C01B7/13IodineHydrogen iodide C01B7/135Hydrogen iodide C01B7/14Iodine C01B7/16Preparation from seaweed C01B7/19FluorineHydrogen fluoride C01B7/191Hydrogen fluoride C01B7/192Preparation from fluorspar C01B7/193Preparation from silicon tetrafluoride, fluosilicic acid or fluosilicates C01B7/194Preparation from ammonium fluoride C01B7/195Separation; Purification C01B7/196by distillation C01B7/197by adsorption C01B7/198by solid ion-exchangers C01B7/20Fluorine C01B7/24Inter-halogen compounds C01B9/00General methods of preparing halides particular individual halides, see the relevant groups in C01B - C01G according to the element combined with the halogen; electrolytic production of inorganic compounds C25B C01B9/02Chlorides C01B9/04Bromides C01B9/06Iodides C01B9/08Fluorides C01B11/00Oxides or oxyacids of halogensSalts thereof C01B11/02Oxides of chlorine C01B11/021Chlorine hemioxide (Cl₂O) C01B11/022Chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) C01B11/023Preparation from chlorites or chlorates C01B11/024from chlorites C01B11/025from chlorates without any other reaction reducing agent than chloride ions C01B11/026from chlorate ions in the presence of a peroxidic compound, e.g. hydrogen peroxide, ozone, peroxysulfates C01B11/027from chlorate ions in the presence of a nitrogen compound selected from nitrogen dioxide, nitrate or nitrite ions, nitrosylchloride, hydrazine or hydrazine compounds C01B11/028Separation; Purification C01B11/029Chlorine trioxide (ClO₃); Chlorine hexoxide (Cl₂O₆); Chlorine heptoxide (Cl₂O₇) C01B11/04Hypochlorous acid C01B11/06Hypochlorites C01B11/062Hypochlorites of alkali metals C01B11/064Hypochlorites of alkaline-earth metals C01B11/066Magnesium hypochlorite C01B11/068Stabilisation by additives other than oxides, hydroxides, carbonates of alkali or alkaline-earth metals; Coating of particles; Shaping; Granulation C01B11/08Chlorous acid C01B11/10Chlorites C01B11/12Chloric acid C01B11/14Chlorates C01B11/145Separation; Crystallisation; Purification, After-treatment; Stabilisation by additives C01B11/16Perchloric acid C01B11/18Perchlorates C01B11/185Ammonium perchlorate C01B11/20Oxygen compounds of bromine C01B11/22Oxygen compounds of iodine C01B11/24Oxygen compounds of fluorine C01B13/00OxygenOxides or hydroxides in generalPer-compounds C01B13/00OxygenOzoneOxides or hydroxides in general C01B13/02Preparation of oxygen by liquefying F25J C01B13/0203from inorganic compounds C01B13/0207Water C01B13/0211Peroxy compounds C01B13/0214Hydrogen peroxide C01B13/0218Chlorate C01B13/0222from organic compounds C01B13/0225Peroxy compounds C01B13/0229Purification or separation processes In groups C01B13/0229 - C01B13/0288, additional features relating to the purification or separation processes are indexed with codes chosen from C01B2210/0026 - C01B2210/0098. C01B13/0233Chemical processing only C01B13/0237by oxidation C01B13/024by reduction C01B13/0244by complexation C01B13/0248Physical processing only C01B13/0251by making use of membranes C01B13/0255characterised by the type of membrane C01B13/0259by adsorption on solids C01B13/0262characterised by the adsorbent C01B13/0266Carbon based materials C01B13/027Zeolites C01B13/0274Other molecular sieve materials C01B13/0277Temperature swing adsorption C01B13/0281in getters C01B13/0285by absorption in liquids C01B13/0288Combined chemical and physical processing In this group, processing steps are indexed with codes chosen from C01B2210/0001 - C01B2210/0025 C01B13/0292Preparation from air using a molten phase containing alkali metal nitrite, optionally together with other oxygen acceptors C01B13/0296Generators releasing in a self-sustaining way pure oxygen from a solid charge, without interaction of it with a fluid nor external heating, e.g. chlorate candles or canisters containing them charges per se C01B13/02 C01B13/08from air with the aid of metal oxides, e.g. barium oxide, manganese oxide C01B13/0292 takes precedence C01B13/083with barium oxide C01B13/086with manganese oxide C01B13/10Preparation of ozone C01B13/11by electric discharge In groups C01B13/11 and C01B13/115, additional features relating to the preparation of ozone by electrical discharge are indexed with codes chosen from C01B2201/00 - C01B2201/90. C01B13/115characterised by the electrical circuits producing the electrical discharge C01B13/14Methods for preparing oxides or hydroxides in general particular individual oxides or hydroxides, see the relevant groups of subclasses C01B - C01G or C25B, according to the element combined with the oxygen or hydroxy group C01B13/145After-treatment of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. pulverising, drying, decreasing the acidity C01B13/16Purification C01B13/18by thermal decomposition of compounds, e.g. of salts or hydroxides C01B13/185Preparing mixtures of oxides C01B13/20by oxidation of elements in the gaseous stateby oxidation or hydrolysis of compounds in the gaseous state C01B13/22of halides or oxyhalides C01B13/24in the presence of hot combustion gases C01B13/26in the presence of a fluidised bed C01B13/28using a plasma or an electric discharge C01B13/30Removal and cooling of the oxide-containing suspension C01B13/32by oxidation or hydrolysis of elements or compounds in the liquid or solid state or in non-aqueous solution, e.g. sol-gel process C01B13/322of elements or compounds in the solid state C01B13/324by solid combustion synthesis C01B13/326of elements or compounds in the liquid state C01B13/328by processes making use of emulsions, e.g. the kerosine process C01B13/34by oxidation or hydrolysis of sprayed or atomised solutions C01B13/36by precipitation reactions in aqueous solutions C01B13/328 takes precedence C01B13/363Mixtures of oxides or hydroxides by precipitation C01B13/366by hydrothermal processing C01B15/00PeroxidesPeroxyhydratesPeroxyacids or salts thereofSuperoxidesOzonides C01B15/005Stabilisation of the solid compounds subsequent to the preparation or to the crystallisation, by additives or by coating C01B15/01Hydrogen peroxide C01B15/013SeparationPurificationConcentration C01B15/0135Purification by solid ion-exchangers or solid chelating agents C01B15/017Anhydrous hydrogen peroxideAnhydrous solutions or gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen peroxide C01B15/022Preparation from organic compounds C01B15/023by the alkyl-anthraquinone process C01B15/024from hydrocarbons C01B15/026from alcohols C01B15/027Preparation from water C01B15/0275Preparation by reaction of water, carbon monoxide and oxygen C01B15/029Preparation from hydrogen and oxygen C01B15/0295by electrical discharge C01B15/03Preparation from inorganic peroxy compounds, e.g. from peroxysulfates C01B15/032from metal peroxides C01B15/037Stabilisation by additives C01B15/04Metal peroxides or peroxyhydrates thereof; Metal superoxides; Metal ozonides; Peroxyhydrates thereof C01B15/043of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium or beryllium or aluminium C01B15/0435of alkali metals C01B15/047of heavy metals C01B15/0475of actinides C01B15/055Peroxyhydrates C01B15/04 takes precedencePeroxyacids or salts thereof C01B15/06containing sulfur C01B15/08Peroxysulfates C01B15/085Stabilisation of the solid compounds, subsequent to the preparation or to the crystallisation, by additives or by coating C01B15/10containing carbon C01B15/103containing only alkali metals as metals C01B15/106Stabilisation of the solid compounds, subsequent to the preparation or to the crystallisation, by additives or by coating C01B15/12containing boron C01B15/123Stabilisation of the solid compounds, subsequent to the preparation or to the crystallisation, by additives or by coating C01B15/126Dehydration of solid hydrated peroxyborates to less hydrated or anhydrous products C01B15/14containing silicon C01B15/16containing phosphorus C01B17/00SulfurCompounds thereof C01B17/02Preparation of sulfurPurification C01B17/0205Separation of sulfur from liquids, e.g. by coalescence C01B17/021Separation of sulfur from gases C01B17/0216Solidification or cooling of liquid sulfur C01B17/0221Melting C01B17/0226Vaporising or superheating C01B17/0232Purification, e.g. degassing C01B17/0237Converting into particles, e.g. by granulation, milling C01B17/0243Other after-treatment of sulfur C01B17/0248of particulate sulfur C01B17/0253from non-gaseous sulfur compounds other than sulfides or materials containing such sulfides C01B17/0259by reduction of sulfates C01B17/0264of calcium sulfates C01B17/027Recovery of sulfur from material containing elemental sulfur, e.g. luxmasses or sulfur containing oresPurification of the recovered sulfur C01B17/033using a liquid extractant C01B17/04from gaseous sulfur compounds including gaseous sulfides C01B17/0404by processes comprising a dry catalytic conversion of hydrogen sulfide-containing gases, e.g. the Claus process C01B17/0408Pretreatment of the hydrogen sulfide containing gases C01B17/0413characterised by the combustion step C01B17/0417Combustion reactors C01B17/0421Multistage combustion C01B17/0426characterised by the catalytic conversion C01B17/043Catalytic converters C01B17/0434Catalyst compositions C01B17/0439at least one catalyst bed operating below the dew-point of sulfur C01B17/0443in a moving bed C01B17/0447Separation of the obtained sulfur C01B17/0452Process control; Start-up or cooling-down procedures of the Claus process C01B17/0456the hydrogen sulfide-containing gas being a Claus process tail gas C01B17/046without intermediate formation of sulfur dioxide C01B17/0465Catalyst compositions C01B17/0469at least one catalyst bed operating below the dew-point of sulfur C01B17/0473by reaction of sulfur dioxide or sulfur trioxide containing gases with reducing agents other than hydrogen sulfide C01B17/0478with hydrocarbons or mixtures containing them C01B17/0482with carbon or solid carbonaceous materials C01B17/0486with carbon monoxide or carbon monoxide containing mixtures C01B17/0491with hydrogen or hydrogen-containing mixtures, e.g. synthesis gas C01B17/0495by dissociation of hydrogen sulfide into the elements C01B17/05by wet processes C01B17/06from non-gaseous sulfides or materials containing such sulfides, e.g. ores C01B17/10Finely divided sulfur, e.g. sublimed sulfur, flowers of sulfur C01B17/12Insoluble sulfur (mu-sulfur) C01B17/125Sulfur isotopes other than 32S C01B17/16Hydrogen sulfides C01B17/161Preparation from elemental sulfur C01B17/162from elemental sulfur and hydrogen C01B17/164Preparation by reduction of oxidic sulfur compounds C01B17/165Preparation from sulfides, oxysulfides or polysulfides C01B17/167Separation C01B17/168Purification C01B17/18Hydrogen polysulfides C01B17/20Methods for preparing sulfides or polysulfides, in general ammonium sulfides or polysulfides C01C; sulfides or polysulfides of metals, other than alkali metals, magnesium, calcium, strontium and barium, see the relevant groups of subclasses C01F or C01G, according to the metal C01B17/22Alkali metal sulfides or polysulfides C01B17/24Preparation by reduction C01B17/26with carbon C01B17/28with reducing gases C01B17/30Preparation from sodium or potassium amalgam with sulfur or sulfides C01B17/32Hydrosulfides of sodium or potassium C01B17/34Polysulfides of sodium or potassium C01B17/36Purification C01B17/38Dehydration C01B17/40Making shaped products, e.g. granules C01B17/42Sulfides or polysulfides of magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium C01B17/43from oxides or hydroxides with sulfur or hydrogen sulfide C01B17/44by reduction of sulfates C01B17/45Compounds containing sulfur and halogen, with or without oxygen C01B17/4507containing sulfur and halogen only C01B17/4515containing sulfur and fluorine only C01B17/4523Sulfur tetrafluoride C01B17/453Sulfur hexafluoride C01B17/4538containing sulfur and chlorine only C01B17/4546Sulfur dichloride C01B17/4553Sulfur hexachloride C01B17/4561Compounds containing sulfur, halogen and oxygen only C01B17/4569Thionyl fluoride (SOF₂) C01B17/4576Sulfuryl fluoride (SO₂F₂) C01B17/4584Thionyl chloride (SOCl₂) C01B17/4592Sulfuryl chloride (SO₂Cl₂) C01B17/46Compounds containing sulfur, halogen, hydrogen, and oxygen C01B17/463Fluorosulfonic acid (FSO₃H) C01B17/466Chlorosulfonic acid (ClSO₃H) C01B17/48Sulfur dioxideSulfurous acid C01B17/50Preparation of sulfur dioxide C01B17/501by reduction of sulfur compounds C01B17/502of sulfur trioxide C01B17/503of sulfuric acid C01B17/504of ammonium sulfates of ammonium sulfates containing sulfuric acid solutions C01B17/585 C01B17/505of alkali metal sulfates C01B17/506of calcium sulfates C01B17/507of iron sulfates C01B17/508by oxidation of sulfur compounds C01B17/52by roasting sulfides preliminary treatment of ores or scrap C22B1/00 C01B17/54by burning elemental sulfur C01B17/56SeparationPurification C01B17/58Recovery of sulfur dioxide from acid tar or the like or from any waste sulfuric acid C01B17/585from ammonium sulfate containing sulfuric acid solutions C01B17/60Isolation of sulfur dioxide from gases C01B17/62Methods of preparing sulfites in general particular individual sulfites, see the relevant groups of subclasses C01B - C01G, according to the cation C01B17/625metabisulfites or pyrosulfites C01B17/64ThiosulfatesDithionitesPolythionates C01B17/66Dithionites or hydrosulfites (S₂O₄^2-) C01B17/665Stabilisation by additives subsequent to preparation; Dust prevention by additives C01B17/69Sulfur trioxideSulfuric acid C01B17/70Stabilisation of gamma-form sulfur trioxide C01B17/74Preparation C01B17/745from sulfates C01B17/76by contact processes C01B17/762High pressure processes C01B17/765Multi-stage SO₃-conversion C01B17/7655with intermediate absorption C01B17/77Fluidised-bed processes C01B17/775Liquid phase contacting processes or wet catalysis processes C01B17/78characterised by the catalyst used C01B17/79containing vanadium C01B17/80Apparatus C01B17/803Converters C01B17/806Absorbers; Heat exchangers C01B17/82of sulfuric acid using a nitrogen oxide process C01B17/84Chamber process C01B17/86Tower process C01B17/88Concentration of sulfuric acid C01B17/90SeparationPurification C01B17/901Recovery from spent acids containing metallic ions, e.g. hydrolysis acids, pickling acids obtaining sulfur dioxide as an intermediate in sulfur trioxide recovery from sulfates, e.g. iron sulfates C01B17/501, from spent acids C01B17/58 C01B17/902by dialysis C01B17/903by liquid-liquid extraction C01B17/904by ion-exchange C01B17/905Removal of organic impurities C01B17/906Removal of mercury C01B17/907Removal of arsenic C01B17/908Removal of antimony or bismuth C01B17/92Recovery from acid tar or the like , e.g. alkylation acids obtaining sulfur dioxide as an intermediate in sulfur trioxode recovery therefrom C01B17/58 C01B17/925by processes involving a liquid-liquid extraction C01B17/94Recovery from nitration acids C01B17/96Methods for the preparation of sulfates in general particular individual sulfates, see the relevant groups of subclasses C01B - C01G, according to the cation C01B17/965Pyrosulfates C01B17/98Other compounds containing sulfur and oxygen persulfuric acids C01B15/06; persulfates C01B15/08 C01B19/00SeleniumTelluriumCompounds thereof phosphorus compounds C01B25/14 C01B19/001Preparation involving a liquid-liquid extraction, an adsorption or an ion-exchange C01B19/002Compounds containing, besides selenium or tellurium, more than one other element, with -O- and -OH not being considered as anions C01B19/004Oxides; Hydroxides C01B19/005Halides C01B19/007Tellurides or selenides of metals C01B19/002 takes precedence C01B19/008Salts of oxyacids of selenium or tellurium C01B19/02Elemental selenium or tellurium C01B19/04Binary compounds including binary selenium-tellurium compounds C01B19/004, C01B19/005, C01B19/007 take precedence C01B21/00NitrogenCompounds thereof C01B21/02Preparation of nitrogen by decomposition of ammonia C01B3/047 C01B21/04Purification or separation of nitrogen by liquefying F25J C01B21/0405Purification or separation processes In this group, additional features relating to the purification or separation processes are indexed with codes chosen from C01B2210/0026 - C01B2210/0098 C01B21/0411Chemical processing only C01B21/0416by oxidation C01B21/0422by reduction C01B21/0427by complexation C01B21/0433Physical processing only C01B21/0438by making use of membranes C01B21/0444characterised by the membrane C01B21/045by adsorption in solids C01B21/0455characterised by the adsorbent C01B21/0461Carbon based materials C01B21/0466Zeolites C01B21/0472Other molecular sieve materials C01B21/0477Temperature swing adsorption C01B21/0483in getters C01B21/0488by absorption in liquids C01B21/0494Combined chemical and physical processing In this group, processing steps are indexed with codes chosen from C01B2210/0001 - C01B2210/0025 C01B21/06Binary compounds of nitrogen with metals, with silicon, or with boron, or with carbon, i.e. nitrides; Compounds of nitrogen with more than one metal, silicon or boronazides C01B21/08 Binary compounds, i.e. compounds of nitrogen with only one other element chosen from metals, silicon, boron or carbon, are classified in groups C01B21/06 or C01B21/0605 - C01B21/076. Compounds of nitrogen with more than one element chosen from metals, silicon or boron are classified in C01B21/0602 Documents relating to several specific binary compounds are classified in C01B21/06 only and receive the indexing codes chosen from C01B21/0602 - C01B21/076 to identify the specific compounds C01B21/0602with two or more other elements chosen from metals, silicon or boron C01B21/0605Binary compounds of nitrogen with carbon C01B21/0607with alkali metals C01B21/061with lithium C01B21/0612with alkaline-earth metals, beryllium or magnesium C01B21/0615with transition metals other than titanium, zirconium or hafnium C01B21/0617with vanadium, niobium or tantalum C01B21/062with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten C01B21/0622with iron, cobalt or nickel C01B21/0625with copper C01B21/0627with one or more rare earth metals C01B21/063with one or more actinides, e.g. UN, PuN C01B21/0632with gallium, indium or thallium C01B21/0635with germanium, tin or lead C01B21/0637with metals not specified in groups C01B21/0607 - C01B21/0635, other than aluminium, titanium, zirconium or hafnium C01B21/064with boron C01B21/0641Preparation by direct nitridation of elemental boron C01B21/0643Preparation from boron halides C01B21/0645Preparation by carboreductive nitridation C01B21/0646Preparation by pyrolysis of boron and nitrogen containing compounds C01B21/0648After-treatment, e.g. grinding, purification transformation of hexagonal into cubic or wurtzitic boron nitride C04B35/5831 C01B21/068with silicon C01B21/0682Preparation by direct nitridation of silicon C01B21/0685Preparation by carboreductive nitridation C01B21/0687After-treatment, e.g. grinding, purification C01B21/072with aluminium C01B21/0722Preparation by direct nitridation of aluminium C01B21/0724using a plasma C01B21/0726Preparation by carboreductive nitridation C01B21/0728After-treatment, e.g. grinding, purification C01B21/076with titanium or zirconium or hafnium C01B21/0761Preparation by direct nitridation of titanium, zirconium or hafnium C01B21/0763Preparation from titanium, zirconium or hafnium halides C01B21/0765Preparation by carboreductive nitridation C01B21/0766Preparation by pyrolysis of nitrogen containing titanium, zirconium or hafnium compounds C01B21/0768After-treatment, e.g. grinding, purification C01B21/08Hydrazoic acidAzidesHalogen azides C01B21/082Compounds containing nitrogen and non-metals and optionally metalsC01B21/06, C01B21/08 take precedence C01B21/0821Oxynitrides of metals, boron or silicon C01B21/0823Silicon oxynitrides C01B21/0825Aluminium oxynitrides C01B21/0826Silicon aluminium oxynitrides, i.e. sialons C01B21/0828Carbonitrides or oxycarbonitrides of metals, boron or silicon C01B21/083containing one or more halogen atoms C01B21/0832Binary compounds of nitrogen with halogens C01B21/0835Nitrogen trifluoride C01B21/0837Purification C01B21/084containing also one or more oxygen atoms, e.g. nitrosyl halides C01B21/0842Halides of nitrogen oxides C01B21/0844Nitrosyl fluoride C01B21/0846Nitrosyl chloride C01B21/0848Nitrosyl perchlorate C01B21/086containing one or more sulfur atoms C01B21/0865Binary compounds of nitrogen with sulfur C01B21/087containing one or more hydrogen atoms C01B21/088containing also one or more halogen atoms C01B21/09Halogeno-amines, e.g. chloramine C01B21/091Chloramine, i.e. NH₂Cl or dichloramine, i.e. NHCl₂ C01B21/092containing also one or more metal atoms C01B21/0923Metal imides or amides silicon imides or amides C01B21/087 C01B21/0926of alkali metals C01B21/093containing also one or more sulfur atoms C01B21/0935Imidodisulfonic acid; Nitrilotrisulfonic acid; Salts thereof C01B21/094Nitrosyl containing acids C01B21/096Amidosulfonic acidSalts thereof C01B21/097containing phosphorus atoms C01B21/0975containing also one or more sulfur atoms C01B21/098Phosphonitrilic dihalidesPolymers thereof C01B21/0983Phosphonitrilic difluorides; Polymers thereof C01B21/0986Phosphonitrilic dichlorides; Polymers thereof C01B21/12Carbamic acid or thiocarbamic acidSalts thereof C01B21/125Metal carbamates C01B21/14HydroxylamineSalts thereof C01B21/1409Preparation C01B21/1418by catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides or nitrates with hydrogen C01B21/1427by reduction of nitrogen oxides or nitrites with bisulfite or sulfur dioxide, e.g. by the Raschig process C01B21/1436by reaction in the gas phase, e.g. of nitrogen, hydrogen and oxygen C01B21/1445of hydoxylamine from its salts C01B21/1454of hydroxylamine salts by processes not covered by one or more of groups C01B21/1418 - C01B21/1445, e.g. by conversion of one salt into another C01B21/1463Concentration C01B21/1472Separation C01B21/1481Purification C01B21/149Stabilisation C01B21/16HydrazineSalts thereof C01B21/20Nitrogen oxidesOxyacids of nitrogenSalts thereof C01B21/203Preparation of nitrogen oxides using a plasma or an electric discharge C01B21/206Nitric anhydride (N₂O₅) C01B21/203 takes precedence C01B21/22Nitrous oxide (N₂O) C01B21/203 takes precedence C01B21/24Nitric oxide (NO) C01B21/203 takes precedence C01B21/26Preparation by catalytic or non-catalytic oxidation of ammonia C01B21/262obtaining nitrogen dioxide or tetroxide C01B21/265characterised by the catalyst C01B21/267Means for preventing deterioration or loss of catalyst or for recovering lost catalyst C01B21/28Apparatus C01B21/30Preparation by oxidation of nitrogen C01B21/26 takes precedence C01B21/32Apparatus C01B21/34Nitrogen trioxide (N₂O₃) C01B21/203 takes precedence C01B21/36Nitrogen dioxide (NO₂, N₂O₄) C01B21/203 , C01B21/26, C01B21/30 take precedence C01B21/38Nitric acid C01B21/40Preparation by absorption of oxides of nitrogen C01B21/26 takes precedence C01B21/42Preparation from nitrates C01B21/44Concentration C01B21/40 takes precedence C01B21/46PurificationSeparation ; Stabilisation C01B21/40 takes precedence C01B21/48Methods for the preparation of nitrates in general particular individual nitrates, see the relevant groups of subclasses C01B - C01G, according to the cation C01B21/50Nitrous acidSalts thereof C01B23/00Noble gasesCompounds thereof liquefying F25J ; noble gases obtained by rectification F25J3/028 C01B23/0005Compounds of noble gases C01B23/001Purification or separation processes of noble gases C01B23/0015Chemical processing only C01B23/0021by oxidation C01B23/0026by reduction C01B23/0031by complexation C01B23/0036Physical processing only C01B23/0042by making use of membranes C01B23/0047characterised by the membrane C01B23/0052by adsorption in solids C01B23/0057characterised by the adsorbent C01B23/0063Carbon based materials C01B23/0068Zeolites C01B23/0073Other molecular sieve materials C01B23/0078Temperature swing adsorption C01B23/0084in getters C01B23/0089by absorption in liquids C01B23/0094Combined chemical and physical processing In this group, processing steps are indexed with codes chosen from C01B2210/0001 - C01B2210/0025 C01B25/00PhosphorusCompounds thereof C01B6/00 , C01B21/00, C01B23/00 take precedence; perphosphates C01B15/16 C01B25/003Phosphorus C01B25/006Stabilisation C01B25/04 takes precedence C01B25/01Treating phosphate ores or other raw phosphate materials to obtain phosphorus or phosphorus compounds C01B25/02Preparation of phosphorus C01B25/023of red phosphorus C01B25/027of yellow phosphorus C01B25/04Purification of phosphorus C01B25/043of red phosphorus C01B25/047of yellow phosphorus C01B25/06Hydrogen phosphides C01B25/08Other phosphides C01B25/081of alkali metals, alkaline-earth metals or magnesium C01B25/082of boron, aluminium, gallium or indium C01B25/084of boron C01B25/085of aluminium C01B25/087of gallium or indium C01B25/088containing plural metal C01B25/10Halides or oxyhalides of phosphorus C01B25/12Oxides of phosphorus C01B25/14Sulfur, selenium, or tellurium compounds of phosphorus C01B25/16Oxyacids of phosphorusSalts thereof peroxyacids or salts thereof C01B15/00 C01B25/161containing at least one phosphorus atom with an oxidation number less than five, other than those mentioned below; Salts thereof C01B25/163Phosphorous acidSalts thereof C01B25/165Hypophosphorous acidSalts thereof C01B25/168Pyrophosphorous acidSalts thereof C01B25/18Phosphoric acid C01B25/185Preparation neither from elemental phosphorus or phosphoric anhydride nor by reacting phosphate-containing material with an acid, e.g. by reacting phosphate-containing material with an ion-exchange resin or an acid salt used alone C01B25/20Preparation from elemental phosphorus or phosphoric anhydride C01B25/22Preparation by reacting phosphate-containing material with an acid, e.g. wet process C01B25/2204Arrangements of vessels used in reacting phosphate-containing material in wet process C01B25/2208with an acid or a mixture of acids other than sulfuric acid C01B25/2212with hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride in aqueous medium C01B25/2216with nitric acid or nitrous vapours in aqueous medium C01B25/222with sulfuric acid, a mixture of acids mainly consisting of sulfuric acid or a mixture of compounds forming it in situ, e.g. a mixture of sulfur dioxide, water and oxygen C01B25/223only one form of calcium sulfate being formed C01B25/2235Anhydrite processes C01B25/225Dihydrate process C01B25/226Hemihydrate process C01B25/228one form of calcium sulfate being formed and then converted to another form C01B25/2285Dihydrate-anhydrite or hemihydrate-anhydrite process C01B25/229Hemihydrate-dihydrate process C01B25/2295the conversion being performed in one or more vessels different from those used for reaction after separation of phosphoric acid C01B25/231Dihydrate-hemihydrate process C01B25/232Preparation by reacting phosphate containing material with concentrated sulfuric acid and subsequently lixiviating the obtained mass, e.g. clinker process C01B25/234PurificationStabilisationConcentration purification concomitant with preparation C01B25/22; preparation involving solvent-solvent extraction C01B25/46 C01B25/2343Concentration concomitant with purification, e.g. elimination of fluorine C01B25/2346Concentration C01B25/235ClarificationStabilisation to prevent post-precipitation of dissolved impurities C01B25/237Selective elimination of impurities C01B25/2343 takes precedence C01B25/2372Anionic impurities, e.g. silica or boron compounds C01B25/2375Fluoride or fluosilicate anion C01B25/2377Sulfate C01B25/238Cationic impurities , e.g. arsenic compounds C01B25/24Condensed phosphoric acids C01B25/26Phosphates perphosphates C01B15/16 C01B25/265General methods for obtaining phosphates C01B25/28Ammonium phosphates C01B25/30Alkali metal phosphates C01B25/301Preparation from liquid orthophosphoric acid or from an acid solution or suspension of orthophosphates using ion-exchangers C01B25/30 C01B25/303with elimination of impurities C01B25/305Preparation from phosphorus-containing compounds by alkaline treatment C01B25/306from phosphates C01B25/308Methods for converting an alkali metal orthophosphate into another one; Purification; Decolorasing; Dehydrating; Drying C01B25/32Phosphates of magnesium, calcium, strontium, or barium C01B25/321Methods for converting an alkaline earth metal ortho-phosphate into another ortho-phosphate by reaction, e.g. of phosphate rock with phosphoric acid C01B25/322 C01B25/322Preparation by neutralisation of orthophosphoric acid C01B25/324Preparation from a reaction solution obtained by acidifying with an acid other than orthophosphoric acid C01B25/325Preparation by double decomposition C01B25/327After-treatment increasing the phosphate content of ores C01B25/32 C01B25/328Defluorination during or after the preparation C01B25/34Magnesium phosphates C01B25/36Aluminium phosphates C01B25/37Phosphates of heavy metals C01B25/372of titanium, vanadium, zirconium, niobium, hafnium or tantalum C01B25/375of iron C01B25/377of manganese C01B25/38Condensed phosphates C01B25/385of alkaline-earth metals or magnesium C01B25/39of alkali metals C01B25/395Preparation and dehydrating C01B25/40Polyphosphates C01B25/405of ammonium C01B25/41of alkali metals C01B25/412Preparation from alkali metal orthophosphates C01B25/414Apparatus C01B25/416Pure alkali metal polyphosphates from impure starting materials C01B25/418After-treatment C01B25/42Pyrophosphates C01B25/425of alkali metals C01B25/44Metaphosphates C01B25/445of alkali metals C01B25/45containing plural metal, or metal and ammonium C01B25/451containing metal and ammonium C01B25/455containing halogen completely halogenated alkali metal phosphates C01D, e.g. lithium hexafluorophosphate C01D15/005 C01B25/4555Hypochlorite-phosphate double salts, e.g. 4(Na3PO411H2O). NaOCl or so-called chlorinated trisodium phosphate C01B25/46Preparation involving solvent-solvent extraction solvent extraction in general B01D11/00 C01B25/461the phosphoric acid present in the medium obtained after reaction being first extracted from the liquid phase formed or separated then re-extracted as free acid by using water or as a phosphate by using a basic compound selective extraction of impurities contained in acid C01B25/237The extracting agent may be diluted with a compound or a mixture of compounds which are not solvents for phosphoric acid, e.g. a hydrocarbon Documents which belong to more than one subgroup of C01B25/462 - C01B25/466 are classified by a combination, e.g. C01B25/462 +B4+B8 C01B25/462the extracting agent being alcohol or a mixture of alcohols C01B25/463the extracting agent being a ketone or a mixture of ketones C01B25/464the extracting agent being an ether or a mixture of ethers C01B25/465the extracting agent being an ester or a mixture of esters C01B25/466the extracting agent being a nitrogenous solvent or a mixture of nitrogenous solvents such as amines or amides C01B25/467the extracting agent being already present during the phosphate-containing material reaction step C01B25/468the extraction being performed on the reaction slurry itself, i.e. without separating the acid C01B25/232 takes precedence C01B32/00CarbonCompounds thereof C01B21/00, C01B23/00 take precedence; percarbonates C01B15/10; carbon black C09C1/48 C01B32/05Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30 C01B32/10Carbon fluorides, e.g. [CF]_nor [C₂F]_n graphite intercalation thereof C01B32/22 C01B32/15Nano-sized carbon materials C01B32/152Fullerenes C01B32/154Preparation C01B32/156After-treatment C01B32/158Carbon nanotubesIn groups C01B32/158 - C01B32/18, it is desirable to add indexing codes of C01B2202/00 - C01B2202/36 for structural aspects or properties of carbon nanotubes. C01B32/159single-walled C01B32/16Preparation C01B32/162characterised by catalysts C01B32/164involving continuous processes C01B32/166in liquid phase C01B32/168After-treatment C01B32/17Purification C01B32/172Sorting C01B32/174DerivatisationSolubilisationDispersion in solvents C01B32/176Cutting C01B32/178OpeningFilling C01B32/18NanoonionsNanoscrollsNanohornsNanoconesNanowalls C01B32/182Graphene C01B32/184Preparation C01B32/186by chemical vapour deposition [CVD] C01B32/188by epitaxial growth C01B32/19by exfoliation C01B32/192starting from graphitic oxides C01B32/194After-treatment C01B32/196Purification C01B32/198Graphene oxide C01B32/20GraphiteIn groups C01B32/20 - C01B32/196, it is desirable to add indexing codes of C01B2204/00 - C01B2204/32 for structural aspects or properties of graphene. C01B32/205Preparation C01B32/21After-treatment C01B32/215PurificationRecovery or purification of graphite formed in iron making, e.g. kish graphite C01B32/22Intercalation C01B32/225ExpansionExfoliation C01B32/23Oxidation C01B32/25Diamond C01B32/26Preparation by using ultra-high pressure B01J3/06; by crystal growth C30B29/04 C01B32/28After-treatment, e.g. purification, irradiation, separation or recovery C01B32/30Active carbon C01B32/306with molecular sieve properties C01B32/312Preparation C01B32/318characterised by the starting materials C01B32/324from waste materials, e.g. tyres or spent sulfite pulp liquor C01B32/33from distillation residues of coal or petroleumfrom petroleum acid sludge C01B32/336characterised by gaseous activating agents C01B32/342characterised by non-gaseous activating agents C01B32/348Metallic compounds C01B32/354After-treatment C01B32/36Reactivation or regeneration C01B32/366by physical processes, e.g. by irradiation, by using electric current passing through carbonaceous feedstock or by using recyclable inert heating bodies C01B32/372CoatingGraftingMicroencapsulation C01B32/378Purification C01B32/382Making shaped products, e.g. fibres, spheres, membranes or foam C01B32/384GranulationIn this group, the term "granulation" also covers methods of preparation of active carbon using carbonaceous precursors per se and binders, e.g. pitch. C01B32/39Apparatus for the preparation thereof C01B32/40Carbon monoxide C01B32/50Carbon dioxide C01B32/55Solidifying C01B32/60Preparation of carbonates or bicarbonates in general of percarbonates C01B15/10; of specific carbonates or bicarbonates according to the cation C01B-C01G C01B32/70Compounds containing carbon and sulfur, e.g. thiophosgene C01B32/72Carbon disulfide C01B32/75Preparation by reacting sulfur or sulfur compounds with hydrocarbons C01B32/77Carbon oxysulfide C01B32/80Phosgene C01B32/90Carbides C01B32/907OxycarbidesSulfocarbidesMixture of carbides C01B32/914Carbides of single elements C01B32/921Titanium carbide C01B32/928Carbides of actinides C01B32/935Carbides of alkali metals, strontium, barium or magnesium C01B32/942Calcium carbide C01B32/949Tungsten or molybdenum carbides C01B32/956Silicon carbide C01B32/963Preparation from compounds containing silicon C01B32/97Preparation from SiO or SiO₂ C01B32/977Preparation from organic compounds containing silicon C01B32/984Preparation from elemental silicon C01B32/991Boron carbide C01B33/00SiliconCompounds thereof C01B6/00, C01B21/00, C01B23/00 take precedence; persilicates C01B15/14; carbides C01B32/956 C01B33/02Silicon forming single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure C30B C01B33/021Preparation chemical coating from the vapour phase C23C16/00 C01B33/023by reduction of silica or free silica-containing material C01B33/025with carbon or a solid carbonaceous material, i.e. carbo-thermal process C01B33/027by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds other than silica or silica-containing material C01B33/029by decomposition of monosilane C01B33/03by decomposition of silicon halides or halosilanes or reduction thereof with hydrogen as the only reducing agent C01B33/031by decomposition of silicon tetraiodide C01B33/033by reduction of silicon halides or halosilanes with a metal or a metallic alloy as the only reducing agents C01B33/035by decomposition or reduction of gaseous or vaporised silicon compounds in the presence of heated filaments of silicon, carbon or a refractory metal, e.g. tantalum or tungsten, or in the presence of heated silicon rods on which the formed silicon is deposited, a silicon rod being obtained, e.g. Siemens process C01B33/037Purification by zone-melting C30B13/00 C01B33/039by conversion of the silicon into a compound, optional purification of the compound, and reconversion into silicon C01B33/04Hydrides of silicon C01B33/043Monosilane C01B33/046Purification C01B33/06Metal silicides alloys C22 C01B33/08Compounds containing halogen C01B33/10Compounds containing silicon, fluorine, and other elements C01B33/103Fluosilicic acid; Salts thereof C01B33/107Halogenated silanes C01B33/10705Tetrafluoride C01B33/1071Tetrachloride, trichlorosilane or silicochloroform, dichlorosilane, monochlorosilane or mixtures thereof C01B33/10715prepared by reacting chlorine with silicon or a silicon-containing material C01B33/10721with the preferential formation of tetrachloride C01B33/10726from silicon C01B33/10731with the preferential formation of trichlorosilane C01B33/10736from silicon C01B33/10742prepared by hydrochlorination of silicon or of a silicon-containing material C01B33/10747with the preferential formation of tetrachloride C01B33/10752from silicon C01B33/10757with the preferential formation of trichlorosilane C01B33/10763from silicon C01B33/10768Tetrabromide; Tetraiodide C01B33/10773Halogenated silanes obtained by disproportionation and molecular rearrangement of halogenated silanes C01B33/10778Purification C01B33/10784by adsorption C01B33/10789the adsorbing material being formed in situ, e.g. by partial hydrolysis C01B33/10794by forming addition compounds or complexes, the reactant being possibly contained in an adsorbent C01B33/113Silicon oxidesHydrates thereof preparing monoxide by reduction of siliceous material C01B33/182 C01B33/12SilicaHydrates thereof, e.g. lepidoic silicic acid C01B33/122Lepidoic silicic acid C01B33/124Preparation of adsorbing porous silica not in gel form and not finely divided, i.e. silicon skeletons, by acidic treatment of siliceous materials C01B33/126Preparation of silica of undetermined type C01B33/128by acidic treatment of aqueous silicate solutions C01B33/14Colloidal silica, e.g. dispersions, gels, sols C01B33/141Preparation of hydrosols or aqueous dispersions C01B33/1412by oxidation of silicon in basic medium C01B33/1415by suspending finely divided silica in water C01B33/1417an aqueous dispersion being obtained C01B33/142by acidic treatment of silicates C01B33/143of aqueous solutions of silicates C01B33/1435using ion exchangers C01B33/145Preparation of hydroorganosols, organosols or dispersions in an organic medium C01B33/146After-treatment of sols preparation of hydrosols or aqueous dispersions from hydroorganosols, organosols or dispersions in an organic medium C01B33/141; preparation of hydroorganosols, organosols or dispersions in an organic medium from hydrosols or aqueous dispersions C01B33/145 C01B33/1465"Build-up" of particles using only one sol and a "heel" consisting or not of the sol C01B33/148ConcentrationDryingDehydrationStabilisationPurification C01B33/1465 takes precedence C01B33/1485Stabilisation, e.g. prevention of gelling; Purification C01B33/149Coating C01B33/151by progressively adding a sol to a different sol, i.e. "build-up" of particles using a "heel" C01B33/152Preparation of hydrogels C01B33/1525from or via fluosilicic acid or salts thereof C01B33/154by acidic treatment of aqueous silicate solutions C01B33/1543using ion exchangers C01B33/1546the first formed hydrosol being converted to a hydrogel by introduction into an organic medium immiscible or only partly miscible with water C01B33/155Preparation of hydroorganogels or organogels C01B33/157After-treatment of gels C01B33/158PurificationDryingDehydrating C01B33/1585Dehydration into aerogels C01B33/159Coating or hydrophobisation C01B33/16Preparation of silica xerogels C01B33/163by hydrolysis of organosilicon compounds, e.g. ethyl orthosilicate C01B33/166by acidification of silicate in the presence of an inert organic phase C01B33/18Preparation of finely divided silica neither in sol nor in gel formAfter-treatment thereof preparation of aerogels by dehydrating gels C01B33/158; treatment to enhance the pigmenting or filling properties C09C C01B33/181by a dry process C01B33/182by reduction of a siliceous material, e.g. with a carbonaceous reducing agent and subsequent oxidation of the silicon monoxide formed C01B33/183by oxidation or hydrolysis in the vapour phase of silicon compounds such as halides, trichlorosilane, monosilane C01B33/184by hydrolysis of tetrafluoride C01B33/185of crystalline silica-polymorphs having molecular sieve properties, e.g. silicalites C01B33/186from or via fluosilicic acid or salts thereof by a wet process C01B33/187by acidic treatment of silicates C01B33/193of aqueous solutions of silicates C01B33/20Silicates persilicates C01B15/14 ; containing aluminium C01B33/26 C01B33/22Magnesium silicates C01B33/24Alkaline-earth metal silicates C01B33/26Aluminium-containing silicates , i.e. silico-aluminates C01B33/28Base exchange silicates, e.g. zeolites regeneration B01J49/00 C01B33/2807Zeolitic silicoaluminates with a tridimensional crystalline structure possessing molecular sieve properties; Isomorphous compounds wherein a part of the aluminium ore of the silicon present may be replaced by other elements such as gallium, germanium, phosphorus; Preparation of zeolitic molecular sieves from molecular sieves of another type or from preformed reacting mixtures C01B33/2815of type A (UNION CARBIDE trade name; corresponds to GRACE's types Z-12 or Z-12L) C01B33/2823from aqueous solutions of an alkali metal aluminate and an alkali metal silicate excluding any other source of alumina or silica C01B33/283from a reaction mixture containing at least one aluminium silicate or aluminosilicate of a clay-type, e.g. kaolin or metakaolin or its exotherm modification or allophane containing a single clay substantially chemically modified with an acid, i.e. beyond the activation state C01B33/2815 C01B33/2838of faujasite type, or type X or Y (UNION CARBIDE trade names; correspond to GRACE's types Z-14 and Z-14HS, respectively) C01B33/2846of type X C01B33/2853of type Y C01B33/2861of mordenite type, e.g. ptilolite or dachiardite C01B33/2869of other types characterised by an X-ray spectrum and a definite composition C01B33/2876from a reacting mixture containing an amine or an organic cation, e.g. a quaternary onium cation-ammonium, phosphonium, stibonium C01B33/2884the aluminium or the silicon in the network being partly replaced C01B33/2892containing an element or a compound occluded in the pores of the network, e.g. an oxide already present in the starting reaction mixture C01B33/32Alkali metal silicates C01B33/24 , C01B33/26 take precedence C01B33/325After-treatment, e.g. purification or stabilisation of solutions, granulation; Dissolution; Obtaining solid silicate, e.g. from a solution by spray-drying, flashing off water or adding a coagulant In this group, obtaining solid silicate, e.g. as a hydrate of a crystalline silicate, from a solution or a hydrate melt by heating or cooling with or without seeding, is not considered as after-treatment, but classified in group C01B33/32 C01B33/36having base-exchange properties but not having molecular sieve properties regeneration thereof B01J49/00 C01B33/38Layered base-exchange silicates, e.g. clays, micas or alkali metal silicates of kenyaite or magadiite type activation of naturally occurring clays B01J20/12; pillared layered base-exchange silicates B01J29/049 C01B33/40Clays C01B33/405not containing aluminium C01B33/42Micas ; Interstratified clay-mica products delaminated mica or vermiculite platelets obtained by a process involving cation-exchange C04B14/208 C01B33/425not containing aluminium C01B33/44Products obtained from layered base-exchange silicates by ion-exchange with organic compounds such as ammonium, phosphonium or sulfonium compounds or by intercalation of organic compounds, e.g. organoclay material C01B33/46Amorphous silicates, e.g. so-called "amorphous zeolites" crystalline zeolites C01B39/00 C01B35/00BoronCompounds thereof monoborane, diborane, metal borohydrides or addition complexes thereof C01B6/00; perborates C01B15/12; binary compounds with nitrogen C01B21/06; compounds of noble gases C01B23/0005; phosphides C01B25/08; carbides C01B32/991; alloys containing boron C22 C01B35/02BoronBorides C01B35/023Boron C01B35/026Higher boron hydrides, i.e. containing at least three boron atoms C01B35/04Metal borides C01B35/06Boron halogen compounds C01B35/061Halides C01B35/063Tetrafluoboric acid; Salts thereof C01B35/065Tetrafluoboric acid C01B35/066Alkali metal tetrafluoborates C01B35/068Halogenated hydrides C01B35/08Compounds containing boron and nitrogen, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium C01B35/10Compounds containing boron and oxygen C01B35/06 takes precedence C01B35/1009having molecular-sieve properties C01B35/1018Carbonyl compounds derived from boron hydrides C01B35/1027Oxides C01B35/1036Boric anhydride C01B35/1045Oxyacids C01B35/1054Orthoboric acid C01B35/1063Preparation from boron ores or borates using acids or salts C01B35/1072by means of ammonia-carbon dioxide C01B35/1081Preparation by working up other natural sources, e.g. seawater C01B35/109Purification; Separation; Concentration C01B35/12Borates C01B35/1063 takes precedence C01B35/121of alkali metal C01B35/122Sodium tetraborates; Hydrates thereof, e.g. borax C01B35/123Preparation from boron ores or other borates C01B35/124Preparation by working up natural brines, e.g. seawater C01B35/125Purification; Concentration; Dehydration; Stabilisation; Other after-treatment C01B35/126of alkaline-earth metals, beryllium, aluminium or magnesium C01B35/127of heavy metals C01B35/128containing plural metal or metal and ammonium C01B35/14Compounds containing boron and nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, selenium or tellurium C01B35/143Phosphates C01B35/146Compounds containing boron and nitrogen, e.g. borazoles ammonium tetrafluoborates C01B35/063; ammonium borates C01B35/12 C01B37/00Compounds characterised primarily by their physical or chemical properties, rather than by their chemical constitution C01B37/00Compounds having molecular sieve properties but not having base-exchange properties Compounds classified in main group C01B37/00 are also classified in other groups of class C01 according to their composition C01B37/002Metallophosphates not containing aluminium, e.g. gallophosphates or silicogallophosphates C01B37/005Silicates, i.e. so-called metallosilicalites or metallozeosilites C01B37/007Borosilicates C01B37/02Crystalline silica-polymorphs, e.g. silicalites dealuminated aluminosilicate zeolites C01B37/04Aluminophosphates (APO compounds) C01B37/06Aluminophosphates containing other elements, e.g. metals, boron C01B37/065the other elements being metals only C01B37/08Silicoaluminophosphates (SAPO compounds) , e.g. CoSAPO C01B39/00Compounds having molecular sieve and base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolitesTheir preparationAfter-treatment, e.g. ion-exchange or dealumination treatment to modify the sorption properties, e.g. shaping using a binder, B01J20/10; treatment to modify the catalytic properties, e.g. combination of treatments to make the zeolites appropriate to their use as a catalyst, B01J29/04; treatment to improve the ion-exchange properties B01J39/14 In this group, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "zeolites" means:crystalline aluminosilicates with base-exchange and molecular sieve properties, having three dimensional, microporous lattice framework structure of tetrahedral oxide units;compounds isomorphous to those of the former category, wherein the aluminium or silicon atoms in the framework are partly or wholly replaced by atoms of other elements, e.g. by gallium, germanium, phosphorus or boron. Compounds classified in main group C01B39/00 are also classified in other groups of class C01 according to their composition C01B39/02Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitesIsomorphous compounds thereofDirect preparation thereofPreparation thereof starting from a reaction mixture containing a crystalline zeolite of another type, or from preformed reactantsAfter-treatment thereof C01B39/023Preparation of physical mixtures or intergrowth products of zeolites chosen from group C01B39/04 or two or more of groups C01B39/14 - C01B39/48 C01B39/026After-treatment C01B39/04using at least one organic template directing agent, e.g. an ionic quaternary ammonium compound or an aminated compound C01B39/06Preparation of isomorphous zeolites characterised by measures to replace the aluminium or silicon atoms in the lattice framework by atoms of other elements , i.e. by direct or secondary synthesis C01B39/065Galloaluminosilicates; Group IVB- metalloaluminosilicates; Ferroaluminosilicates C01B39/08the aluminium atoms being wholly replaced C01B39/082Gallosilicates C01B39/085Group IVB- metallosilicates C01B39/087Ferrosilicates C01B39/10the replacing atoms being at least phosphorus atoms C01B39/12the replacing atoms being at least boron atoms C01B39/14Type A C01B39/145using at least one organic template directing agent C01B39/16from aqueous solutions of an alkali metal aluminate and an alkali metal silicate excluding any other source of alumina or silica but seeds C01B39/145 takes precedence C01B39/18from a reaction mixture containing at least one aluminium silicate or aluminosilicate of a clay type, e.g. kaolin or metakaolin or its exotherm modification or allophane C01B39/145 takes precedence C01B39/20Faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y C01B39/205using at least one organic template directing agent; Hexagonal faujasite; Intergrowth products of cubic and hexagonal faujasite C01B39/22Type X C01B39/205 takes precedence C01B39/24Type Y C01B39/205 takes precedence C01B39/26Mordenite type C01B39/023, C01B39/026, C01B39/06 take precedence C01B39/265using at least one organic template directing agent C01B39/28Phillipsite or harmotome type C01B39/023, C01B39/026, C01B39/06 take precedence C01B39/30Erionite or offretite type, e.g. zeolite T C01B39/305using at least one organic template directing agent C01B39/32Type L C01B39/34Type ZSM-4 C01B39/36Pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11 C01B39/365Type ZSM-8; Type ZSM-11; ZSM 5/11 intermediate C01B39/38Type ZSM-5 C01B39/40using at least one organic template directing agent C01B39/42Type ZSM-12 C01B39/44Ferrierite type, e.g. types ZSM-21, ZSM-35 or ZSM-38 C01B39/445using at least one organic template directing agent C01B39/46Other types characterised by their X-ray diffraction pattern and their defined composition C01B39/023, C01B39/026, C01B39/06 take precedence C01B39/48using at least one organic template directing agent C01B39/50Zeolites wherein inorganic bases or salts occlude channels in the lattice framework, e.g. sodalite, cancrinite, nosean, hauynite ultramarine C09C1/32 C01B39/52Sodalites C01B39/54Phosphates, e.g. APO or SAPO compounds Phosphates having either a poorly defined or a weak base-exchange capacity such as MAPO's, SAPO's or BAPO's are classified in C01B37/00 C01B2201/00 C01B2201/00Preparation of ozone by electrical discharge C01B2201/10Dischargers used for production of ozone C01B2201/12Plate-type dischargers C01B2201/14Concentric/tubular dischargers C01B2201/20Electrodes used for obtaining electrical discharge C01B2201/22Constructional details of the electrodes C01B2201/24Composition of the electrodes C01B2201/30Dielectrics used in the electrical dischargers C01B2201/32Constructional details of the dielectrics C01B2201/34Composition of the dielectrics C01B2201/40using several dischargers in series C01B2201/50Part of the product being recycled C01B2201/60Feed streams for electrical dischargers C01B2201/62Air C01B2201/64Oxygen C01B2201/66Pretreatment of the feed C01B2201/70Cooling of the dischargerMeans for making cooling unnecessary C01B2201/72by air C01B2201/74by liquid C01B2201/76Water C01B2201/80Additional processes occurring alongside the electrical discharges, e.g. catalytic processes C01B2201/82Treatment with ultraviolet light C01B2201/84Treatment with magnetic fields C01B2201/90Control of the process C01B2202/00Structure or properties of carbon nanotubes C01B2202/02Single-walled nanotubes C01B2202/04Nanotubes with a specific amount of walls C01B2202/06Multi-walled nanotubes C01B2202/08Aligned nanotubes C01B2202/10Filled nanotubes C01B2202/20Nanotubes characterized by their properties C01B2202/22Electronic properties C01B2202/24Thermal properties C01B2202/26Mechanical properties C01B2202/28Solid content in solvents C01B2202/30Purity C01B2202/32Specific surface area C01B2202/34Length C01B2202/36Diameter C01B2203/00Integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas reactors or details thereof B01J2208/00 - B01J2219/00 C01B2203/02Processes for making hydrogen or synthesis gas C01B2203/0205containing a reforming step C01B2203/0211containing a non-catalytic reforming step C01B2203/0216containing a non-catalytic steam reforming step C01B2203/0222containing a non-catalytic carbon dioxide reforming step C01B2203/0227containing a catalytic reforming step C01B2203/0233the reforming step being a steam reforming step C01B2203/0238the reforming step being a carbon dioxide reforming step C01B2203/0244the reforming step being an autothermal reforming step, e.g. secondary reforming processes C01B2203/025containing a partial oxidation step C01B2203/0255containing a non-catalytic partial oxidation step C01B2203/0261containing a catalytic partial oxidation step [CPO] C01B2203/0266containing a decomposition step C01B2203/0272containing a non-catalytic decomposition step C01B2203/0277containing a catalytic decomposition step C01B2203/0283containing a CO-shift step, i.e. a water gas shift step C01B2203/0288containing two CO-shift steps C01B2203/0294containing three or more CO-shift steps C01B2203/04containing a purification step for the hydrogen or the synthesis gas C01B2203/0405Purification by membrane separation C01B2203/041In-situ membrane purification during hydrogen production C01B2203/0415Purification by absorption in liquids C01B2203/042Purification by adsorption on solids C01B2203/0425In-situ adsorption process during hydrogen production C01B2203/043Regenerative adsorption process in two or more beds, one for adsorption, the other for regeneration C01B2203/0435Catalytic purification C01B2203/044Selective oxidation of carbon monoxide C01B2203/0445Selective methanation C01B2203/045Purification by catalytic desulfurisation C01B2203/0455Purification by non-catalytic desulfurisation C01B2203/046Purification by cryogenic separation C01B2203/0465Composition of the impurity C01B2203/047the impurity being carbon monoxide C01B2203/0475the impurity being carbon dioxide C01B2203/048the impurity being an organic compound C01B2203/0485the impurity being a sulfur compound C01B2203/049the impurity being carbon C01B2203/0495the impurity being water C01B2203/06Integration with other chemical processes C01B2203/061Methanol production C01B2203/062Hydrocarbon production, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch process C01B2203/063Refinery processes C01B2203/065using hydrotreating, e.g. hydrogenation, hydrodesulfurisation C01B2203/066with fuel cells C01B2203/067the reforming process taking place in the fuel cell C01B2203/068Ammonia synthesis C01B2203/08Methods of heating or cooling C01B2203/0805Methods of heating the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas C01B2203/0811by combustion of fuel C01B2203/0816Heating by flames C01B2203/0822the fuel containing hydrogen C01B2203/0827at least part of the fuel being a recycle stream C01B2203/0833Heating by indirect heat exchange with hot fluids, other than combustion gases, product gases or non-combustive exothermic reaction product gases C01B2203/0838by heat exchange with exothermic reactions, other than by combustion of fuel C01B2203/0844the non-combustive exothermic reaction being another reforming reaction as defined in groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/0294 C01B2203/085by electric heating C01B2203/0855by electromagnetic heating C01B2203/0861by plasma C01B2203/0866by combination of different heating methods C01B2203/0872Methods of cooling C01B2203/0877by direct injection of fluid C01B2203/0883by indirect heat exchange C01B2203/0888by evaporation of a fluid C01B2203/0894Generation of steam C01B2203/10Catalysts for performing the hydrogen forming reactions C01B2203/1005Arrangement or shape of catalyst C01B2203/1011Packed bed of catalytic structures, e.g. particles, packing elements C01B2203/1017characterised by the form of the structure C01B2203/1023Catalysts in the form of a monolith or honeycomb C01B2203/1029Catalysts in the form of a foam C01B2203/1035Catalyst coated on equipment surfaces, e.g. reactor walls C01B2203/1041Composition of the catalyst C01B2203/1047Group VIII metal catalysts C01B2203/1052Nickel or cobalt catalysts C01B2203/1058Nickel catalysts C01B2203/1064Platinum group metal catalysts C01B2203/107Platinum catalysts C01B2203/1076Copper or zinc-based catalysts C01B2203/1082Composition of support materials C01B2203/1088Non-supported catalysts C01B2203/1094Promotors or activators C01B2203/12Feeding the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas C01B2203/1205Composition of the feed C01B2203/1211Organic compounds or organic mixtures used in the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas C01B2203/1217Alcohols C01B2203/1223Methanol C01B2203/1229Ethanol C01B2203/1235Hydrocarbons C01B2203/1241Natural gas or methane C01B2203/1247Higher hydrocarbons C01B2203/1252Cyclic or aromatic hydrocarbons C01B2203/1258Pre-treatment of the feed C01B2203/1264Catalytic pre-treatment of the feed C01B2203/127Catalytic desulfurisation C01B2203/1276Mixing of different feed components C01B2203/1282using static mixers C01B2203/1288Evaporation of one or more of the different feed components C01B2203/1294Evaporation by heat exchange with hot process stream C01B2203/14Details of the flowsheet C01B2203/141At least two reforming, decomposition or partial oxidation steps in parallel C01B2203/142At least two reforming, decomposition or partial oxidation steps in series C01B2203/143Three or more reforming, decomposition or partial oxidation steps in series C01B2203/145At least two purification steps in parallel C01B2203/146At least two purification steps in series C01B2203/147Three or more purification steps in series C01B2203/148involving a recycle stream to the feed of the process for making hydrogen or synthesis gas C01B2203/16Controlling the process C01B2203/1604Starting up the process C01B2203/1609Shutting down the process C01B2203/1614Controlling the temperature C01B2203/1619Measuring the temperature C01B2203/1623Adjusting the temperature C01B2203/1628Controlling the pressure C01B2203/1633Measuring the pressure C01B2203/1638Adjusting the pressure C01B2203/1642Controlling the product C01B2203/1647Controlling the amount of the product C01B2203/1652Measuring the amount of product C01B2203/1657the product being hydrogen C01B2203/1661the product being carbon monoxide C01B2203/1666the product being carbon dioxide C01B2203/1671Controlling the composition of the product C01B2203/1676Measuring the composition of the product C01B2203/168Adjusting the composition of the product C01B2203/1685Control based on demand of downstream process C01B2203/169Controlling the feed C01B2203/1695Adjusting the feed of the combustion C01B2203/80Aspect of integrated processes for the production of hydrogen or synthesis gas not covered by groups C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/1695 C01B2203/82Several process steps of C01B2203/02 - C01B2203/08 integrated into a single apparatus C01B2203/84Energy production C01B2203/86Carbon dioxide sequestration C01B2204/00Structure or properties of graphene C01B2204/02Single layer graphene C01B2204/04Specific amount of layers or specific thickness C01B2204/06Graphene nanoribbons C01B2204/065characterized by their width or by their aspect ratio C01B2204/20Graphene characterized by its properties C01B2204/22Electronic properties C01B2204/24Thermal properties C01B2204/26Mechanical properties C01B2204/28Solid content in solvents C01B2204/30Purity C01B2204/32Size or surface area C01B2210/00Purification or separation of specific gases C01B2210/0001Separation or purification processing C01B2210/0003Chemical processing C01B2210/0004by oxidation C01B2210/0006by reduction C01B2210/0007by complexation C01B2210/0009Physical processing C01B2210/001by making use of membranes C01B2210/0012characterised by the membrane C01B2210/0014by adsorption in solids C01B2210/0015characterised by the adsorbent C01B2210/0017Carbon-based materials C01B2210/0018Zeolites C01B2210/002Other molecular sieve materials C01B2210/0021Temperature swing adsorption C01B2210/0023in getters C01B2210/0025by absorption in liquids C01B2210/0026Isotopes of the specific gas C01B2210/0028Separation of the specific gas from gas mixtures containing a minor amount of this specific gas C01B2210/0029Obtaining noble gases C01B2210/0031Helium C01B2210/0032Neon C01B2210/0034Argon C01B2210/0035Krypton C01B2210/0037Xenon C01B2210/0039Radon C01B2210/004Separation of a mixture of noble gases C01B2210/0042Making ultrapure specific gas C01B2210/0043Impurity removed C01B2210/0045Oxygen C01B2210/0046Nitrogen C01B2210/0048Air C01B2210/005Carbon monoxide C01B2210/0051Carbon dioxide C01B2210/0053Hydrogen C01B2210/0054Hydrogen halides C01B2210/0056Hydrogen fluoride C01B2210/0057Hydrogen chloride C01B2210/0059Hydrogen bromide C01B2210/006Hydrogen iodide C01B2210/0062Water C01B2210/0064Hydrogen sulfide C01B2210/0065Ammonia C01B2210/0067Hydrogen cyanide C01B2210/0068Organic compounds C01B2210/007Hydrocarbons C01B2210/0071Sulfur oxides C01B2210/0073Sulfur halides C01B2210/0075Nitrogen oxides C01B2210/0076Nitrogen halides C01B2210/0078Noble gases C01B2210/0079Helium C01B2210/0081Neon C01B2210/0082Argon C01B2210/0084Krypton C01B2210/0085Xenon C01B2210/0087Radon C01B2210/0089Peroxides C01B2210/009Hydrogen peroxide C01B2210/0092Ozone C01B2210/0093Metals or metal compounds C01B2210/0095Metals C01B2210/0096Metal hydrides C01B2210/0098Other impurities