C04BLIME, MAGNESIASLAGCEMENTSCOMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALSARTIFICIAL STONE roofing granules E04D7/005CERAMICS devitrified glass-ceramics C03C10/00REFRACTORIESTREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "fillers" includes pigments, aggregates and fibrous reinforcing materials; "active ingredients" includes processing aids or property improvers, e.g. grinding aids used after the burning process or used in the absence of a burning process; "mortars", "concrete" and "artificial stone" are to be considered as a single group of materials, and therefore, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, they include mortar, concrete and other cementitious compositions. In groups C04B7/00 - C04B32/00, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. A composition classified in groups C04B26/00 or C04B28/00 is also classified in groups C04B14/00 - C04B24/00 if a filler or active ingredient is of interest. In groups C04B2/00 - C04B32/00 and C04B38/00 - C04B41/00 it is desirable to classify the individual constituents of the mixtures, or other aspects relating to the mixtures or constituents, using Combination Sets with symbols chosen from groups C04B2/00 - C04B41/00. In groups C04B2/00 - C04B32/00 and C04B38/00 - C04B41/00 it is desirable to classify the function of the individual constituents of the mixtures, or other aspects relating to the properties or uses of the mixtures or products obtained, using Combination Sets with symbols chosen from groups C04B2103/00 - C04B2111/00. Groups C04B20/123 and C04B20/126 are used for indexing purposes only of documents classified in C04B20/12The following IPC groups are not in the CPC scheme. The subject matter for these IPC groups is classified in the following CPC groups: C04B5/02 covered by B01J2/00, C21B3/06C04B28/20, C04B28/22 covered by C04B28/18, C04B28/182, C04B28/184, C04B28/186, C04B28/188C04B35/035 covered by C04B35/26, C04B35/2608, C04B35/2616, C04B35/2625, C04B35/2633, C04B35/2641, C04B35/265, C04B35/2658, C04B35/2666, C04B35/2675, C04B35/2683, C04B35/2691C04B35/28 covered by C04B35/26C04B35/30 covered by C04B35/26C04B35/32 covered by C04B35/26C04B35/34 covered by C04B35/26C04B35/36 covered by C04B35/26C04B35/38 covered by C04B35/26C04B35/40 covered by C04B35/2608, C04B35/2641, C04B35/2675C04B35/567, C04B35/569, C04B35/576, C04B35/577 covered by C04B35/565, C04B35/571, C04B35/5755C04B35/582 covered by C04B35/581C04B35/5833, C04B35/5835 covered by C04B35/583C04B35/586, C04B35/594, C04B35/596 covered by C04B35/584, C04B35/589, C04B35/591, C04B35/593, C04B35/5935C04B35/599 covered by C04B35/597C04B35/81 covered by C04B35/78C04B35/84 covered by C04B35/628, C04B35/78In this subclass non-limiting references (in the sense of paragraph 39 of the Guide to the IPC) may still be displayed in the scheme. C04B2/00LimeMagnesiaSlag C04B2/00Lime, magnesia or dolomite hydraulic lime cements C04B7/34 C04B2/005obtained from an industrial by-product C04B2/02Lime obtaining Ca(OH)₂ otherwise than by simple slaking of quick lime C01F11/02 C04B2/04Slaking simultaneous dehydrating of gypsum and slaking of lime C04B11/022 C04B2/045After-treatment of slaked lime C04B2/06with addition of substances, e.g. hydrophobic agents ; Slaking in the presence of other compounds C04B2/063Slaking of impure quick lime, e.g. contained in fly ash C04B2/066Making use of the hydration reaction, e.g. the reaction heat for dehydrating gypsum; Chemical drying by using unslaked lime C04B2/08Devices therefor C04B2/10Preheating, burning calcining or cooling decarbonation during burning of cement raw materials C04B7/43; obtaining CaO or MgO otherwise than by thermal decomposition of the corresponding carbonates C01F11/02, C01F5/02 C04B2/102of magnesia, e.g. dead burning C04B2/104Ingredients added before or during the burning process C04B2/106in fluidised bed furnaces C04B2/108Treatment or selection of the fuel therefor C04B2/12in shaft or vertical furnaces shaft or vertical furnaces in general F27B1/00 C04B5/00Treatment of metallurgical slag manufacture of slag wool C03B; in, or for, the production of metals C21B, C22BArtificial stone from molten metallurgical slag mechanical aspects B28B1/54 other cast stone C04B32/005 C04B5/06Ingredients, other than water, added to the molten slag or to the granulating medium or before remeltingTreatment with gases or gas generating compounds, e.g. to obtain porous slag C04B5/065Porous slag C04B7/00Cements C04B7/00Hydraulic cements calcium sulfate cements C04B11/00 C04B7/003Barium or strontium cements C04B7/006Cement-clinker used in the unground state in mortar - or concrete compositions C04B7/02Portland cement C04B7/04using raw materials containing gypsum , i.e. processes of the Mueller-Kuehne type C04B7/06using alkaline raw materials C04B7/60 takes precedence C04B7/12Natural pozzuolanasNatural pozzuolana cementsArtificial pozzuolanas or artificial pozzuolana cements other than those obtained from waste or combustion residues, e.g. burned clay; Treating inorganic materials to improve their pozzuolanic characteristics cements containing slag C04B7/14 C04B7/13Mixtures thereof with inorganic cementitious materials, e.g. Portland cements C04B7/14Cements containing slag slags from waste incineration C04B7/28 C04B7/147Metallurgical slag C04B7/153Mixtures thereof with other inorganic cementitious materials or other activators C04B7/1535with alkali metal containing activators, e.g. sodium hydroxide or waterglass C04B7/17with calcium oxide containing activators C04B7/1535 takes precedence C04B7/19Portland cements C04B7/21with calcium sulfate containing activators C04B7/1535 takes precedence C04B7/22Iron ore cements ; Iron rich cements, e.g. Ferrari cements, Kühl cements C04B7/24Cements from oil shales, residues or waste other than slag C04B7/243Mixtures thereof with activators or composition-correcting additives, e.g. mixtures of fly ash and alkali activators C04B7/246from waste building materials, e.g. waste asbestos-cement products, demolition waste C04B7/26from raw materials containing flue dust , i.e. fly ash C04B7/243 takes precedence C04B7/28from combustion residues, e.g. ashes or slags from waste incinerationC04B7/243 , C04B7/26 take precedence C04B7/30from oil shalefrom oil shale residues ; from lignite processing, e.g. using certain lignite fractions C04B7/32Aluminous cements C04B7/323Calcium aluminosulfate cements, e.g. cements hydrating into ettringite C04B7/326Calcium aluminohalide cements, e.g. based on 11CaO.7Al2O3.CaX2, where X is Cl or F C04B7/34Hydraulic lime cementsRoman cements ; natural cements C04B7/345Hydraulic cements not provided for in one of the groups C04B7/02 - C04B7/34 C04B7/3453Belite cements, e.g. self-disintegrating cements based on dicalciumsilicate C04B7/3456Alinite cements, e.g. "Nudelman"-type cements, bromo-alinite cements, fluoro-alinite cements C04B7/36Manufacture of hydraulic cements in general C04B7/361Condition or time responsive control in hydraulic cement manufacturing processes controlling or regulating in general G05; F27B7/42 takes precedence C04B7/362for raw materials handling, e.g. during the grinding or mixing step C04B7/364Avoiding environmental pollution during cement-manufacturing C04B7/365by extracting part of the material from the process flow and returning it into the process after a separate treatment, e.g. in a separate retention unit under specific conditions C04B7/367Avoiding or minimising carbon dioxide emissions C04B7/368Obtaining spherical cement particles C04B7/38Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches , e.g. mixing with fuel; C04B7/362 takes precedence C04B7/40DehydratingForming, e.g. granulating apparatus for granulating B01J2/00 C04B7/42Active ingredients added before, or during, the burning process after the burning process C04B22/00, C04B24/00 C04B7/421Inorganic materials C04B7/422Elements C04B7/424Oxides, Hydroxides C04B7/425Acids or salts thereof C04B7/427Silicates C04B7/428Organic materials C04B7/43Heat treatment, e.g. precalcining, burning, meltingCooling aspects only relating to the installation F27B C04B7/432Preheating without addition of fuel C04B7/434Preheating with addition of fuel, e.g. calcining C04B7/436Special arrangements for treating part or all of the cement kiln dust C04B7/438Evacuating at least part of the heat treated material before the final burning or melting step, the evacuated material being used as a cement as such C04B7/44BurningMelting C04B7/4407Treatment or selection of the fuel therefor, e.g. use of hazardous waste as secondary fuel fuels in general C10L; Use of particular energy sources, e.g. waste hot gases from other processes C04B7/4415Waste hot gases C04B7/4423Waste or refuse used as fuel C04B7/443Tyres, e.g. shredded C04B7/4438the fuel being introduced directly into the rotary kiln C04B7/4446the fuel being treated in a separate gasifying or decomposing chamber, e.g. a separate combustion chamber C04B7/4453using plasmas or radiations C04B7/4461Grate sintering C04B7/4469in shaft or vertical kilns C04B7/4476Selection of the kiln atmosphere C04B7/4484Non-electric melting C04B7/4492Inhibiting the formation of or eliminating incrustations in the cement kiln removing incrustations from rotary-drum furnaces F27B7/2075 C04B7/45in fluidised beds , e.g. spouted beds C04B7/46electric C04B7/47Cooling ; Waste heat management C04B7/475using the waste heat, e.g. of the cooled clinker, in an other way than by simple heat exchange in the cement production line, e.g. for generating steam C04B7/48Clinker treatment C04B7/47 takes precedence C04B7/51Hydrating C04B7/52Grinding ; After-treatment of ground cement C04B7/522After-treatment of ground cement C04B7/368 takes precedence C04B7/525Briquetting C04B7/527obtaining cements characterised by fineness, e.g. by multi-modal particle size distribution C04B7/60Methods for eliminating alkali metals or compounds thereof , e.g. from the raw materials or during the burning process; methods for eliminating other harmful components avoiding environmental pollution C04B7/364 C04B9/00Magnesium cements or similar cements C04B9/02Magnesium cements containing chlorides, e.g. Sorel cement C04B9/04Magnesium cements containing sulfates, nitrates, phosphates or fluorides C04B9/06Cements containing metal compounds other than magnesium compounds, e.g. compounds of zinc or lead C04B9/11Mixtures thereof with other inorganic cementitious materials C04B9/12with hydraulic cements, e.g. Portland cements C04B9/20Manufacture, e.g. preparing the batches preheating, burning, calcining or cooling lime stone, magnesite or dolomite C04B2/10 C04B11/00Calcium sulfate cements C04B11/002Mixtures of different CaSO₄-modifications, e.g. plaster of Paris and anhydrite, used as cements C04B11/005Preparing or treating the raw materials C04B11/007After-treatment of the dehydration products, e.g. aging, stabilisation C04B11/02Methods and apparatus for dehydrating gypsum for other purposes than cement manufacture C01F11/466 C04B11/022Simultaneous dehydrating of gypsum and slaking of lime C04B11/024Ingredients added before, or during, the calcining process, e.g. calcination modifiers C04B11/028Devices therefor characterised by the type of calcining devices used therefor or by the type of hemihydrate obtained C04B11/0281Kettles; Marmites; Autoclaves C04B11/0282Autoclaves, e.g. using chariots C04B11/0283Fluidised beds C04B11/0285Rotary kilns C04B11/0286Suspension heaters for flash calcining, e.g. cyclones C04B11/0287Multi-storey horizontal furnaces C04B11/0288Grates C04B11/032for the wet process, e.g. dehydrating in solution or under saturated vapour conditions, i.e. to obtain alpha-hemihydrate C04B11/0281 - C04B11/0288 take precedence C04B11/036for the dry process, e.g. dehydrating in a fluidised bed or in a rotary kiln , i.e. to obtain beta-hemihydrate C04B11/0281 - C04B11/0288 take precedence C04B11/05obtaining anhydrite, e.g. Keene's cementC04B11/028 takes precedence C04B11/06starting from anhydrite C04B11/26strating from chemical gypsumstarting from phosphogypsum or from waste, e.g. purification products of smoke C04B11/02 takes precedence; chemical purification of smoke, fumes or exhaust gases B01D53/00 purification of gypsum C01F11/46 C04B11/262waste gypsum other than phosphogypsum C04B11/264Gypsum from the desulfurisation of flue gases C04B11/266Chemical gypsum C04B11/268pelletizing of the material before starting the manufacture C04B11/28Mixtures thereof with other inorganic cementitious materials C04B7/04, C04B7/153 take precedence C04B11/30with hydraulic cements, e.g. Portland cements C04B12/00Cements not provided for in groups C04B7/00 - C04B11/00Group C04B12/00 is impacted by reclassification into group C04B12/007.
Groups C04B12/00 and C04B12/007 should be considered in order to perform a complete search. C04B12/005Geopolymer cements, e.g. reaction products of aluminosilicates with alkali metal hydroxides or silicates C04B12/007Non-hydraulic cements containing low lime calcium silicate phases, e.g. wollastonite, pseudowollastonite, rankinite or cements curable in the presence of CO₂Group C04B12/007 is incomplete pending reclassification of documents from group C04B12/00.
Groups C04B12/00 and C04B12/007 should be considered in order to perform a complete search. C04B12/02Phosphate cements in, or for, the manufacture of ceramics C04B33/00, C04B35/00 C04B12/022Al-phosphates C04B12/025Phosphates of ammonium or of the alkali or alkaline earth metals C04B12/027mixtures thereof with other inorganic cementitious materials C04B12/04Alkali metal or ammonium silicate cements Alkyl silicate cements; Silica sol cements; Soluble silicate cementsalkali metal silicates per se, their preparation C01B33/32; ammonium silicates per se, their preparation C01C1/00 C04B14/00Use of materials as fillers ceramics C04B33/00, C04B35/00; reinforcing elements for building materials E04C5/00 C04B14/00Use of inorganic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stoneTreatment of inorganic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone expanding or defibrillating materials C04B20/00 Fillers with a well-defined shape other than granular are considered to be reinforcing elements and thus are classified in E04C5/00. However, if they are only characterised by their composition, classification is made in C04B only C04B14/005Inorganic fillers with a shape other than granular or fibrous carbon nanotubes C04B14/026 C04B14/02Granular materials , e.g. microballoons C04B14/022Carbon C04B14/024Graphite C04B14/026of particular shape, e.g. nanotubes C04B14/028Carbon aerogels C04B14/04Silica-rich materialsSilicates C04B14/041Aluminium silicates other than clay C04B14/042Magnesium silicates, e.g. talc, sepiolite C04B14/043Alkaline-earth metal silicates, e.g. wollastonite C04B14/044Polysilicates, e.g. geopolymers C04B14/045Alkali-metal containing silicates, e.g. petalite waterglass C04B12/04 C04B14/046Zircon C04B14/047Zeolites C04B14/048Granite C04B14/06QuartzSand C04B14/062Microsilica, e.g. colloïdal silica preparing microsilica slurries or suspensions C04B18/148 C04B14/064Silica aerogel C04B14/066Precipitated or pyrogenic silica C04B14/068Specific natural sands, e.g. sea -, beach -, dune - or desert sand C04B14/08Diatomaceous earth C04B14/10Clay sepiolite C04B14/042; grog C04B18/025 C04B14/102Attapulgite clay C04B14/104Bentonite, e.g. montmorillonite C04B14/106Kaolin C04B14/108Shale, slate colliery shale C04B18/125 C04B14/12Expanded clay C04B14/14Minerals of vulcanic origin granite C04B14/048 C04B14/16porous, e.g. pumice C04B14/18Perlite C04B14/185expanded C04B14/20MicaVermiculite mechanical splitting B28D C04B14/202Vermiculite C04B14/204expanded C04B14/206Mica or vermiculite modified by cation-exchange; chemically exfoliated vermiculate C04B14/208delaminated mica or vermiculite platelets C04B14/22Glass ; Devitrified glass C04B14/24porous, e.g. foamed glass C04B14/26Carbonates C04B14/28of calcium C04B14/285Marble C04B14/30Oxides other than silica ferrites C04B14/363 C04B14/301porous or hollow C04B14/302Aerogels C04B14/303Alumina C04B14/304Magnesia C04B14/305Titanium oxide, e.g. titanates C04B14/306Zirconium oxide zircon C04B14/046 C04B14/307Chromium oxide C04B14/308Iron oxide C04B14/309Copper oxide or solid solutions thereof C04B14/32CarbidesNitridesBorides ; Silicides C04B14/321Borides C04B14/322Carbides C04B14/323Boron carbide C04B14/324Silicon carbide C04B14/325Nitrides C04B14/326Aluminium nitride C04B14/327Boron nitride C04B14/328Silicon nitride C04B14/34Metals , e.g. ferro-silicon C04B14/36Inorganic materials not provided for in groups C04B14/022 and C04B14/04 - C04B14/34 C04B14/361Soil, e.g. laterite C04B14/363Ferrites C04B14/365Gypsum synthetic gypsum C04B18/0445, C04B18/064 C04B14/366Phosphates, e.g. apatite C04B14/368Baryte C04B14/38Fibrous materialsWhiskers C04B14/383Whiskers C04B14/386Carbon carbon nanotubes C04B14/026 C04B14/40Asbestos C04B14/42Glass C04B14/44Treatment for enhancing alkali resistance composition of alkali resistant glass fibres C03C13/00; coating of glass fibres C03C25/10 C04B14/46Rock wool ; Ceramic or silicate fibres C04B14/40, C04B14/42 take precedence C04B14/4606added as organic or organo-mineral precursors C04B14/4612Al-borates C04B14/4618Oxides C04B14/4625Alumina C04B14/4631Silica C04B14/4637Zirconia or zircon C04B14/4643Silicates other than zircon C04B14/465Ca-silicate, e.g. wollastonite C04B14/4656Al-silicates, e.g. clay C04B14/4662Polysilicates, e.g. geopolymers C04B14/4668of vulcanic origin C04B14/4675from slags C04B14/4681Titanates C04B14/4687Non-oxide ceramics carbon or graphite fibres C04B14/386 C04B14/4693Silicon carbide C04B14/48Metal C04B16/00Use of organic materials as fillers, e.g. pigments, for mortars, concrete or artificial stoneTreatment of organic materials specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone Fillers with a well-defined shape other than granular are considered to be reinforcing elements and thus are classified in E04C5/00. However, if they are only characterised by their composition, classification is made in C04B only C04B16/02Cellulosic materials cellulosic waste materials, e.g. sawdust, rice husks, C04B18/24 C04B16/04Macromolecular compounds C04B16/02 takes precedence C04B16/06fibrous C04B16/0608Fibrilles, e.g. fibrillated films C04B16/0616from polymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B16/0625Polyalkenes, e.g. polyethylene C04B16/0633Polypropylene C04B16/0641Polyvinylalcohols; Polyvinylacetates C04B16/065Polyacrylates; Polymethacrylates C04B16/0658Polyacrylonitrile C04B16/0666Polystyrene C04B16/0675from polymers obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B16/0683Polyesters, e.g. polylactides C04B16/0691Polyamides; Polyaramides C04B16/08porous, e.g. expanded polystyrene beads or microballoons C04B16/082other than polystyrene based, e.g. polyurethane foam C04B16/085expanded in situ, i.e. during or after mixing the mortar, concrete or artificial stone ingredients C04B16/087shredded C04B16/10Treatment for enhancing the mixability with the mortar coating C04B20/10 C04B16/12characterised by the shape fibrous macromolecular compounds C04B16/06; porous macromolecular compounds C04B16/08 , e.g. perforated strips C04B18/00Use of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone use of waste materials for the manufacture of cement C04B7/24Treatment of agglomerated or waste materials or refuse, specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stone Fillers with a well defined shape other than granular are considered to be reinforcing elements and thus are classified in E04C5/00. However, if they are only characterised by their composition, classification is made in C04B only C04B18/02Agglomerated materials , e.g. artificial aggregates C04B18/021agglomerated by a mineral binder, e.g. cement C04B18/022agglomerated by an organic binder C04B18/023Fired or melted materials C04B18/025Grog C04B18/026Melted materials C04B14/22 takes precedence C04B18/027Lightweight materials C04B18/028temporarily agglomerated, e.g. agglomerates which fall apart during mixing with the other mortar or concrete ingredients C04B18/04Waste materialsRefuse C04B18/0409Waste from the purification of bauxite, e.g. red mud C04B18/0418Wet materials, e.g. slurries C04B18/0427Dry materials C04B18/0436Dredged harbour or river sludge other slurries or sludges C04B18/0418 C04B18/0445Synthetic gypsum, e.g. phosphogypsum gypsum from smoke purification C04B18/064 C04B18/0454Bleaching earth C04B18/0463Hazardous waste C04B18/0472Waste material contaminated by heavy metals C04B18/0475Waste asbestos C04B18/0481Other specific industrial waste materials not provided for elsewhere in C04B18/00 C04B18/049Wastes from oil or other wells, e.g. drilling mud C04B18/06Combustion residues, e.g. purification products of smoke, fumes or exhaust gases C04B18/061Ashes from fluidised bed furnaces C04B18/062Purification products of smoke, fume or exhaust-gases C04B18/064Gypsum C04B18/065Residues from coal gasification C04B18/067Slags C04B18/068from burning wood C04B18/08Flue dust , i.e. fly ash C04B18/081from brown coal or lignite C04B18/082Cenospheres C04B18/084obtained from mixtures of pulverised coal and additives, added to influence the composition of the resulting flue dust C04B18/085Pelletizing C04B18/087from liquid fuels, e.g. oil C04B18/088in high volume fly ash compositions C04B18/10Burned or pyrolised refuse C04B18/101Burned rice husks or other burned vegetable material C04B18/103Burned or pyrolised sludges C04B18/105Gaseous combustion products or dusts collected from waste incineration, e.g. sludge resulting from the purification of gaseous combustion products of waste incineration C04B18/106Fly ash from waste incinerators C04B18/108involving a melting step C04B18/12from quarries, mining or the like C04B18/125Slate residues, e.g. colliery shale or oil shale or oil shale ash C04B18/14from metallurgical processes treatment of molten slag C04B5/00 C04B18/141Slags C04B18/142Steelmaking slags, converter slags C04B18/143L.D. slags, i.e. Linz-Donawitz slags C04B18/144Slags from the production of specific metals other than iron or of specific alloys, e.g. ferrochrome slags C04B18/145Phosphorus slags C04B18/146Silica fume C04B18/147Conditioning C04B18/148Preparing silica fume slurries or suspensions C04B18/149other than silica fume or slag C04B18/16from building or ceramic industry C04B18/162Cement kiln dustLime kiln dust C04B18/165Ceramic waste C04B18/167Recycled materials, i.e. waste materials reused in the production of the same materials C04B18/18organic C04B18/10 takes precedence C04B18/20from macromolecular compounds C04B18/22Rubber , e.g. ground waste tires C04B18/24Vegetable refuse, e.g. rice husks, maize-ear refuseCellulosic materials, e.g. paper , cork C04B18/241Paper, e.g. waste paper; Paper pulp C04B18/243Waste from paper processing or recycling paper, e.g. de-inking sludge burned paper processing waste C04B18/10 C04B18/245Cork; Bark C04B18/246expanded C04B18/248from specific plants, e.g. hemp fibres C04B18/26Wood, e.g. sawdust, wood shavings C04B18/265from specific species, e.g. birch C04B18/28MineralisingCompositions therefor C04B18/30Mixed wasteWaste of undefined composition, C04B18/10 takes precedence C04B18/305Municipal waste C04B20/00Use of materials as fillers for mortars, concrete or artificial stone according to more than one of groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 and characterised by shape or grain distributionTreatment of materials according to more than one of the groups C04B14/00 - C04B18/00 specially adapted to enhance their filling properties in mortars, concrete or artificial stoneExpanding or defibrillating materials Fillers with a well-defined shape other than granular are considered to be reinforcing elements and thus are classified in E04C5/00. However, if they are only characterised by their composition, classification is made in C04B only C04B20/0004Microcomposites or nanocomposites, e.g. composite particles obtained by polymerising monomers onto inorganic materials C04B20/0008Materials specified by a shape not covered by C04B20/0016 - C04B20/0056, e.g. nanotubes C04B20/0012Irregular shaped fillers C04B20/0016Granular materials, e.g. microballoons C04B20/002Hollow or porous granular materials C04B20/0024expanded in situ, i.e. the material is expanded or made hollow after primary shaping of the mortar, concrete or artificial stone mixture C04B16/085 takes precedence C04B20/0028crushable C04B20/0032characterised by the gas filling pores, e.g. inert gas or air at reduced pressure C04B20/0036Microsized or nanosized C04B20/004inorganic C04B20/0044obtained from irregularly shaped particles C04B20/0048Fibrous materials C04B20/0052Mixtures of fibres of different physical characteristics, e.g. different lengths C04B20/0056Hollow or porous fibres C04B20/006Microfibres; Nanofibres C04B20/0064Ground fibres C04B20/0068Composite fibres, e.g. fibres with a core and sheath of different material C04B20/0072Continuous fibres C04B20/0076characterised by the grain distribution C04B20/008Micro- or nanosized fillers, e.g. micronised fillers with particle size smaller than that of the hydraulic binder colloidal silica C04B14/062 ; silica fume C04B18/146 C04B20/0084Conditioning, e.g. preparing suspensions thereof C04B18/148 takes precedence C04B20/0088Fillers with mono- or narrow grain size distribution C04B20/0092Fillers with fine grain sizes only C04B20/0096Fillers with bimodal grain size distribution C04B20/02Treatment C04B20/023Chemical treatment C04B20/026Comminuting, e.g. by grinding or breaking; Defibrillating fibres other than asbestos C04B20/04Heat treatment C04B20/06Expanding clay, perlite, vermiculite or like granular materials C04B20/061in rotary kilns C04B20/063by grate sintering C04B20/065in fluidised beds C04B20/066in shaft or vertical furnaces C04B20/068Selection of ingredients added before or during the thermal treatment, e.g. expansion promoting agents or particle-coating materials C04B20/08Defibrillating asbestos defibrillating other fibres C04B20/026 C04B20/10Coating or impregnating roofing granules E04D7/005 C04B20/1003Non-compositional aspects of the coating or impregnation C04B20/1007Porous or lightweight coatings C04B20/1011Temporary coatings C04B20/1014Coating or impregnating materials characterised by the shape, e.g. fibrous materials C04B20/1018with organic materials pigments or dyes C04B20/1096 C04B20/1022Non-macromolecular compounds C04B20/1025Fats; Fatty oils; Ester type waxes; Higher fatty acids; Derivatives thereof C04B20/1029Macromolecular compounds C04B20/1033obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B20/1037obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B20/104Natural resins, e.g. tall oil C04B20/1044Bituminous materials C04B20/1048Polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, or derivatives thereof C04B20/1051Organo-metallic compounds; Organo-silicon compounds, e.g. bentone C04B20/1055with inorganic materials C04B20/1059Pigments or precursors thereof C04B20/1062Metals C04B20/1066Oxides, Hydroxides C04B20/107Acids or salts thereof C04B20/1074Silicates, e.g. glass C04B20/1077Cements, e.g. waterglass C04B20/1081Mineral polymers, e.g. geopolymers C04B20/1085Waterglass C04B20/1088Water C04B20/1092with pigments or dyes C04B20/1059 takes precedence C04B20/1096organic C04B20/12Multiple coating or impregnating C04B20/123Multiple coatings, for one of the coatings of which at least one alternative is described C04B20/126Multiple coatings, comprising a coating layer of the same material as a previous coating layer C04B22/00Use of materials as active ingredients Active ingredients which react with cement compounds for forming new or modified mineralogical phases and are added before the hardening process, as well as cements added as additives to other cements, are classified in groups C04B7/00 - C04B12/00, e.g. in group C04B7/42. C04B22/00Use of inorganic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. accelerators , shrinkage compensating agents C04B22/0006Waste inorganic materials C04B22/0013Boron compounds C04B22/002Water C04B22/0026Salt water, e.g. seawater C04B22/0033other than sea water, e.g. from mining activities C04B22/004containing dissolved additives or active agents, i.e. aqueous solutions used as gauging water C04B22/0026 takes precedence C04B22/0046Waste slurries or solutions used as gauging water C04B22/0053added in a particular physical form, e.g. atomised or in the gas phase C04B22/006released by a chemical reaction, e.g. polymer condensation C04B22/0066Compounds chosen for their high crystalwater content C04B22/0073added in the non-hydrated or only partially-hydrated form C04B22/008Cement and like inorganic materials added as expanding or shrinkage compensating ingredients in mortar or concrete compositions, the expansion being the result of a recrystallisation mixtures of cements C04B7/00, C04B28/00 C04B22/0086Seeding materialsGroup C04B22/0086 is impacted by reclassification into groups C04B22/00863 and C04B22/00867.
Groups C04B22/0086, C04B22/00863 and C04B22/00867 should be considered in order to perform a complete search. C04B22/00863Calcium silicate hydrateGroup C04B22/00863 is incomplete pending reclassification of documents from group C04B22/0086.
Groups C04B22/0086 and C04B22/00863 should be considered in order to perform a complete search. C04B22/00867EttringiteGroup C04B22/00867 is incomplete pending reclassification of documents from group C04B22/0086.
Groups C04B22/0086 and C04B22/00867 should be considered in order to perform a complete search. C04B22/0093Aluminates C04B22/02Elements C04B22/04Metals, e.g. aluminium used as blowing agent C04B22/06Oxides, Hydroxides C04B22/0013 takes precedence C04B22/062of the alkali or alkaline-earth metals C04B22/064of the alkaline-earth metals C04B22/066Magnesia; Magnesium hydroxide C04B22/068Peroxides, e.g. hydrogen peroxide C04B22/08Acids or salts thereof C04B22/0013 takes precedence C04B22/082Acids C04B22/085containing nitrogen in the anion, e.g. nitrites C04B22/087containing chromium in the anion, e.g. chromates C04B22/10containing carbon in the anion C04B22/103Acids C04B22/106Bicarbonates C04B22/12containing halogen in the anion C04B22/122Acids C04B22/124Chlorides of ammonium or of the alkali or alkaline earth metals, e.g. calcium chloride C04B22/126Fluorine compounds, e.g. silico-fluorine compounds C04B22/128Bromine compounds C04B22/14containing sulfur in the anion, e.g. sulfides C04B22/141Acids C04B22/142Sulfates C04B22/143Calcium-sulfate C04B22/144Phosphogypsum C04B22/145Gypsum from the desulfuration of flue gases C04B22/146other waste Ca-sulfate C04B22/147Alkali-metal sulfates; Ammonium sulfate C04B22/148Aluminium-sulfate C04B22/149Iron-sulfates C04B22/16containing phosphorus in the anion, e.g. phosphates C04B22/165Acids C04B24/00Use of organic materials as active ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone, e.g. plasticisers Groups C04B24/003 - C04B24/006 take precedence over groups C04B24/008 - C04B24/226 C04B24/001Waste organic materials C04B24/003Phosphorus-containing compounds C04B24/005Halogen-containing compounds C04B24/006Boron-containing compounds C04B24/008Aldehydes, ketones C04B24/02AlcoholsPhenolsEthers C04B24/023Ethers C04B24/026Fatty alcohols C04B24/04Carboxylic acidsSalts, anhydrides or esters thereof C04B24/045Esters, e.g. lactones C04B24/06containing hydroxy groups C04B24/08FatsFatty oilsEster type waxesHigher fatty acids, i.e. having at least seven carbon atoms in an unbroken chain bound to a carboxyl groupOxidised oils or fats C04B24/085Higher fatty acids C04B24/10Carbohydrates or derivatives thereof C04B24/12Nitrogen containing compounds organic derivatives of hydrazine hydrazine C04B22/00 C04B24/121Amines, polyamines C04B24/122Hydroxy amines C04B24/123Amino-carboxylic acids C04B24/124Amides C04B24/125Compounds containing one or more carbon-to-nitrogen double or triple bonds, e.g. imines C04B24/126Urea C04B24/127Nitro-compounds C04B24/128Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds C04B24/129Compounds containing one or more nitrogen-to-nitrogen double bonds, e.g. azo-compounds C04B24/14PeptidesProteinsDerivatives thereof C04B24/16Sulfur-containing compounds C04B24/161Macromolecular compounds comprising sulfonate or sulfate groups C04B24/163obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B24/165containing polyether side chains C04B24/166obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B24/168Polysaccharide derivatives, e.g. starch sulfate C04B24/18Lignin sulfonic acid or derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfite lye C04B24/20Sulfonated aromatic compounds C04B24/22Condensation or polymerisation products thereof In this group the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "aldehydes" also covers other organic compounds reacting as aldehydes, e.g. glyoxylic acid C04B24/223Sulfonated melamine-formaldehyde condensation products C04B24/226Sulfonated naphtalene-formaldehyde condensation products C04B24/24Macromolecular compounds C04B24/14 takes precedence; macromolecular compounds comprising sulfonate or sulfate groups C04B24/16 C04B24/243Phosphorus-containing polymers C04B24/246containing polyether side chains C04B24/26obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B24/243 takes precedence C04B24/2605containing polyether side chains C04B24/2611Polyalkenes C04B24/2617Coumarone polymers C04B24/2623Polyvinylalcohols; Polyvinylacetates C04B24/2629containing polyether side chains C04B24/2635Polyvinylacetals C04B24/2641Polyacrylates; Polymethacrylates C04B24/2647containing polyether side chains C04B24/2652Nitrogen containing polymers, e.g. polyacrylamides, polyacrylonitriles C04B24/2658containing polyether side chains C04B24/2664of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid polymers, e.g. maleic anhydride copolymers C04B24/267containing polyether side chains C04B24/2676Polystyrenes C04B24/2682Halogen containing polymers, e.g. PVC C04B24/2688Copolymers containing at least three different monomers C04B24/2694containing polyether side chains C04B24/28obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B24/243 takes precedence C04B24/281Polyepoxides C04B24/282Polyurethanes; Polyisocyanates C04B24/283Polyesters C04B24/285Polylactides C04B24/286Polycarbonates C04B24/287Polyamides C04B24/288Halogen containing polymers C04B24/30Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones In this group the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "aldehydes" also covers other organic compounds reacting as aldehydes, e.g. glyoxylic acid C04B24/302Phenol-formaldehyde condensation polymers C04B24/305Melamine-formaldehyde condensation polymers C04B24/307Urea-formaldehyde condensation polymers C04B24/32Polyethers, e.g. alkylphenol polyglycolether C04B24/34Natural resins, e.g. rosin C04B24/243 takes precedence C04B24/36Bituminous materials, e.g. tar, pitch C04B24/243 takes precedence C04B24/38Polysaccharides or derivatives thereof C04B24/243 takes precedence C04B24/383Cellulose or derivatives thereof C04B24/386containing polyether side chains C04B24/40Compounds containing silicon, titanium or zirconium or other organo-metallic compounds; Organo-clays; Organo-inorganic complexes C04B24/405Organo-inorganic complexes C04B24/42Organo-silicon compounds C04B24/425Organo-modified inorganic compounds, e.g. organo-clays C04B26/00Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone artificial stone from molten slag C04B5/00 C04B26/00Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing only organic binders , e.g. polymer or resin concrete mechanical aspects of moulding polymer or resin concrete B29C67/242 C04B26/003Oil-based binders, e.g. containing linseed oil C04B26/006Waste materials as binder C04B26/02Macromolecular compounds C04B26/023Organic ionomer cements C04B26/026Proteins or derivatives thereof C04B26/04obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B26/045Polyalkenes C04B26/06Acrylates C04B26/08containing halogen C04B26/10obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B26/105Furfuryl alcohol polymers, e.g. furan-polymers C04B26/12Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones In this group the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "aldehydes" also covers other organic compounds reacting as aldehydes, e.g. glyoxylic acid C04B26/122Phenol-formaldehyde condensation polymers C04B26/125Melamine-formaldehyde condensation polymers C04B26/127Urea formaldehyde condensation polymers C04B26/14Polyepoxides C04B26/16Polyurethanes C04B26/18PolyestersPolycarbonates C04B26/20Polyamides C04B26/22Natural resins, e.g. rosin C04B26/24Cellulosic waste liquor, e.g. sulfite lye C04B26/26Bituminous materials, e.g. tar, pitch C08L95/00 takes precedence C04B26/28Polysaccharides or derivatives thereofGroup C04B26/28 is incomplete pending reclassification of documents from group C04B26/285.
Groups C04B26/285 and C04B26/28 should be considered in order to perform a complete search. C04B26/285Cellulose or derivatives thereof C04B26/24 takes precedenceGroup C04B26/285 is impacted by reclassification into group C04B26/28.
Groups C04B26/285 and C04B26/28 should be considered in order to perform a complete search. C04B26/30Compounds having one or more carbon-to-metal or carbon-to-silicon linkages ; Other silicon-containing organic compounds; Boron-organic compounds C04B26/32containing silicon C04B28/00Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements While using Combination Sets in this main group, the presence of an organic binder is indicated with symbols chosen from group C04B24/00, and the presence of a supplementary inorganic binder with symbols chosen from groups C04B7/00 - C04B12/00 C04B28/001containing unburned clay polymer binder - clay mixtures used in well cementing C09K8/44 C04B28/003containing hybrid binders other than those of the polycarboxylate type C04B28/005containing gelatineous or gel forming binders, e.g. gelatineous Al(OH)3, sol-gel binders C04B28/006containing mineral polymers, e.g. geopolymers of the Davidovits type C04B28/008Mineral polymers other than those of the Davidovits type, e.g. from a reaction mixture containing waterglass C04B28/02containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates C04B28/021Ash cements, e.g. fly ash cements fly ash as filler C04B18/08; Cements based on incineration residues, e.g. alkali-activated slags from waste incineration alkali-activated combustion residues as such C04B7/243; mixtures of the lime-pozzuolane type C04B28/18; Kiln dust cements C04B28/023Barium cements C04B28/025Belite cements C04B28/026Oil shale cements C04B28/028Alinite cements, i.e. "Nudelman"-type cements C04B28/04Portland cements C04B28/06Aluminous cements monolithic refractories or refractory mortars C04B35/66 C04B28/065Calcium aluminosulfate cements, e.g. cements hydrating into ettringite C04B28/08Slag cements C04B28/082Steelmaking slags; Converter slags C04B28/085Slags from the production of specific alloys, e.g. ferrochrome slags C04B28/087Phosphorus slags C04B28/10Lime cements or magnesium oxide cements C04B28/105Magnesium oxide or magnesium carbonate cements C04B28/12Hydraulic lime C04B28/14containing calcium sulfate cements gypsum-paper plates E04C C04B28/141containing dihydrated gypsum before the final hardening step, e.g. forming a dihydrated gypsum product followed by a de- and rehydration step C04B28/142containing synthetic or waste calcium sulfate cements C04B28/143the synthetic calcium sulfate being phosphogypsum C04B28/144the synthetic calcium sulfate being a flue gas desulfurization product C04B28/145Calcium sulfate hemi-hydrate with a specific crystal form C04B28/146alpha-hemihydrate C04B28/147beta-hemihydrate C04B28/148containing calcium sulfate formed in situ, e.g. by the reaction of iron sulfate with lime C04B28/16containing anhydrite , e.g. Keene's cement C04B28/165containing synthetic anhydrite C04B28/18containing mixtures of the silica-lime type C04B28/182based on calcium silicate forming mixtures not containing lime or lime producing ingredients, e.g. waterglass based mixtures heated with a calcium salt C04B28/184based on an oxide other than lime C04B28/186containing formed Ca-silicates before the final hardening step C04B28/188the Ca-silicates being present in the starting mixture C04B28/24containing alkyl, ammonium or metal silicatescontaining silica sols reaction mixtures resulting in mineral polymers C04B28/006; polymeric reaction products of alkali metal silicates with isocyanates C08G18/3895 C04B28/26Silicates of the alkali metals C04B28/28containing organic polyacids, e.g. polycarboxylate cements , i.e. ionomeric systems C04B28/30containing magnesium cements or similar cementsmagnesium oxide cements C04B28/10 C04B28/32Magnesium oxychloride cements, e.g. Sorel cement C04B28/34containing cold phosphate binders While using Combination Sets in this main group, the presence of a reactive or reacted oxide is indicated with symbols chosen from C04B14/06 and C04B14/30 (and subgroups), except for boron oxide ( C04B22/0013 ) and oxides of the alkali or alkaline-earth metals, with the exception of magnesium ( C04B22/062 and C04B22/064 ), e.g. a composition containing a mixture of phosphoric acid, AlCr phosphate and magnesium oxide will be classified in C04B28/346 and will be indexed with codes C04B14/303, C04B14/304 and C04B14/307. "Phosphates" includes monobasic and dibasic phosphates C04B28/342the phosphate binder being present in the starting composition as a mixture of free acid and one or more reactive oxides C04B28/344the phosphate binder being present in the starting composition solely as one or more phosphates C04B28/346the phosphate binder being present in the starting composition as a mixture of free acid and one or more phosphates C04B28/348the starting mixture also containing one or more reactive oxides C04B28/36containing sulfur, sulfides or selenium C04B28/365containing sulfides or selenium C04B30/00Compositions for artificial stone, not containing binders C04B30/02containing fibrous materials C04B32/00Artificial stone not provided for in other groups of this subclass C04B32/005Artificial stone obtained by melting at least part of the composition, e.g. metal C04B28/36 and C03C take precedence; cast stone from molten slag C04B5/00; artificial stone obtained by melting the polymeric ingredient of the composition C04B26/00 C04B32/02with reinforcements contains no documents; reinforcing elements E04C5/00This group is only used for indexing purposes C04B33/00Ceramics C04B33/00Clay-wares monolithic refractories or refractory mortars C04B35/66; porous products C04B38/00In groups C04B33/00 - C04B33/36, the indexing codes of groups C04B2235/00 - C04B2235/9646 are used (with the exception of C04B2235/349, C04B2235/6027, C04B2235/604 and C04B2235/9661) to identify aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures and sintered ceramic products. C04B33/02Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches C04B33/025Mixtures of materials with different sizes C04B33/04ClayKaolin C04B33/06Rendering lime harmless C04B33/08Preventing efflorescence C04B33/10Eliminating iron or lime C04B33/13Compounding ingredients C04B33/36, C04B35/71 take precedence ; pigments for ceramics C09C1/0009 C04B33/1305Organic additives C04B33/131Inorganic additives C04B33/1315Non-ceramic binders C04B33/132Waste materialsRefuseResiduesC04B33/16 takes precedence; waste glass C04B33/13 C04B33/1321Waste slurries, e.g. harbour sludge, industrial muds slurries of specific well-defined waste streams, e.g. phosphate muds, other than red mud, C04B33/132 C04B33/1322Red mud C04B33/1324Recycled material, e.g. tile dust, stone waste, spent refractory material C04B33/1325Hazardous waste other than combustion residues dredging sludge C04B33/1321 C04B33/1327containing heavy metals C04B33/1328without additional clay C04B33/135Combustion residues, e.g. fly ash, incineration waste silica fume C04B33/132 C04B33/1352Fuel ashes, e.g. fly ash C04B33/1355Incineration residues C04B33/1357Sewage sludge ash or slag C04B33/138from metallurgical processes, e.g. slag, furnace dust, galvanic waste C04B33/14Colouring matters C04B33/16Lean materials, e.g. grog, quartz C04B33/18for liquefying the batches C04B33/20for dry-pressing C04B33/13 takes precedence C04B33/22Grog products C04B33/24Manufacture of porcelain or white ware C04B33/26of porcelain for electrical insulation C04B33/28Slip casting mechanical features B28B1/26 C04B33/30Drying methods C04B33/32Burning methods C04B33/323involving melting, fusion or softening C04B33/326under pressure C04B33/34combined with glazing C04B33/36Reinforced clay-wares C04B35/00Shaped ceramic products characterised by their composition porous ceramic products C04B38/00; ceramic articles characterised by particular shape, see the relevant classes, e.g. linings for casting ladles, tundishes, cups or the like B22D41/02; ceramic substrates for microelectronic semi-conductors H01L23/15Ceramics compositions containing free metal bonded to carbides, diamond, oxides, borides, nitrides, silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides or sulfides other than as macroscopic reinforcing agents C22C; shaping of ceramics B28BProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products chemical preparation of powders of inorganic compounds C01; infiltration of sintered ceramic preforms with molten metal C04B41/51In this group, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, compositions are classified according to the constituent present in the highest proportion by weight.In this group, magnesium is considered as an alkaline earth metal.In this group, a composite is considered as a sintered material containing more than one phase, where the secondary phases are not resulting from sintering aidsIn this group, fine ceramics are considered as products having a polycrystalline, fine-grained microstructure, e.g. of dimensions below 100 micrometers.The production of ceramic powder is classified in this group in so far as it relates to the preparation of powder with specific characteristics. In groups C04B35/00 - C04B35/83, from 01-01-2005 onwards, the indexing codes of groups C04B2235/00 - C04B2235/9692 are used to identify aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures and sintered ceramic products C04B35/01based on oxide ceramics C04B35/013containing carbon C04B35/103 takes precedence C04B35/016based on manganites C04B35/03based on magnesium oxide, calcium oxide or oxide mixtures derived from dolomite C04B35/04based on magnesium oxide C04B35/043Refractories from grain sized mixtures C04B35/0435containing refractory metal compounds other than chromium oxide or chrome ore C04B35/047containing chromium oxide or chrome ore C04B35/0473obtained from fused grains C04B35/0476obtained from prereacted sintered grains ("simultaneous sinter") C04B35/05Refractories by fusion casting C04B35/051containing chromium oxide or chrome ore C04B35/053Fine ceramics C04B35/057based on calcium oxide C04B35/06based on oxide mixtures derived from dolomite C04B35/08based on beryllium oxide C04B35/10based on aluminium oxide C04B35/101Refractories from grain sized mixtures C04B35/1015containing refractory metal compounds other than those covered by C04B35/103 - C04B35/106 C04B35/103containing non-oxide refractory materials, e.g. carbon C04B35/106 takes precedence C04B35/105containing chromium oxide or chrome ore C04B35/106containing zirconium oxide or zircon (ZrSiO₄) C04B35/107Refractories by fusion casting C04B35/109containing zirconium oxide or zircon (ZrSiO₄) C04B35/111Fine ceramics C04B35/1115Minute sintered entities, e.g. sintered abrasive grains or shaped particles such as platelets abrasives C09K3/14 C04B35/113based on beta-aluminium oxide C04B35/115Translucent or transparent products C04B35/117Composites C04B35/119with zirconium oxide C04B35/12based on chromium oxide C04B35/047 and C04B35/105 take precedence C04B35/14based on silica C04B35/16based on silicates other than clay zircon C04B35/48 C04B35/18rich in aluminium oxide C04B35/185Mullite 3Al2O3-2SiO2 C04B35/19Alkali metal aluminosilicates, e.g. spodumene C04B35/195Alkaline earth aluminosilicates, e.g. cordierite or anorthite C04B35/20rich in magnesium oxide , e.g. forsterite C04B35/195 takes precedence C04B35/22rich in calcium oxide , e.g. wollastonite C04B35/195 takes precedence C04B35/26based on ferrites C04B35/2608Compositions containing one or more ferrites of the group comprising manganese, zinc, nickel, copper or cobalt and one or more ferrites of the group comprising rare earth metals, alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or lead C04B35/2616containing lithium C04B35/2625containing magnesium C04B35/2633containing barium, strontium or calcium C04B35/2641Compositions containing one or more ferrites of the group comprising rare earth metals and one or more ferrites of the group comprising alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or lead C04B35/265Compositions containing one or more ferrites of the group comprising manganese or zinc and one or more ferrites of the group comprising nickel, copper or cobalt C04B35/2658Other ferrites containing manganese or zinc, e.g. Mn-Zn ferrites C04B35/2666Other ferrites containing nickel, copper or cobalt C04B35/2675Other ferrites containing rare earth metals, e.g. rare earth ferrite garnets C04B35/2683Other ferrites containing alkaline earth metals or lead C04B35/2691Other ferrites containing alkaline metals C04B35/42based on chromites C04B35/047 and C04B35/105 take precedence C04B35/44based on aluminates C04B35/443Magnesium aluminate spinel C04B35/447based on phosphates , e.g. hydroxyapatite C04B35/45based on copper oxide or solid solutions thereof with other oxides In groups C04B35/4504 - C04B35/4525 an invention is classified in the last appropriate place C04B35/4504containing rare earth oxides C04B35/4508Type 1-2-3 C04B35/4512containing thallium oxide C04B35/4517also containing lead oxide C04B35/4521containing bismuth oxide C04B35/4525also containing lead oxide C04B35/453based on zinc, tin, or bismuth oxides or solid solutions thereof with other oxides, e.g. zincates, stannates or bismuthates C04B35/457based on tin oxides or stannates C04B35/46based on titanium oxides or titanates containing also zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates or hafnates C04B35/49 C04B35/462based on titanates C04B35/465based on alkaline earth metal titanates C04B35/468based on barium titanates C04B35/4682based on BaTiO₃ perovskite phase C04B35/4684containing lead compounds C04B35/472 takes precedence C04B35/4686based on phases other than BaTiO₃ perovskite phase C04B35/4688containing lead compounds C04B35/472 takes precedence C04B35/47based on strontium titanates C04B35/472based on lead titanates C04B35/475based on bismuth titanates C04B35/478based on aluminium titanates C04B35/48based on zirconium or hafnium oxides, zirconates, zircon or hafnates C04B35/481containing silicon, e.g. zircon C04B35/482Refractories from grain sized mixtures C04B35/484Refractories by fusion casting C04B35/486Fine ceramics C04B35/488Composites C04B35/4885with aluminium oxide C04B35/49containing also titanium oxides or titanates C04B35/491based on lead zirconates and lead titanates , e.g. PZT C04B35/493containing also other lead compounds C04B35/495based on vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum or tungsten oxides or solid solutions thereof with other oxides, e.g. vanadates, niobates, tantalates, molybdates or tungstates C04B35/497based on solid solutions with lead oxides C04B35/499containing also titanates C04B35/50based on rare-earth compounds non-oxide rare earth compounds C04B35/5156 C04B35/505based on yttrium oxide C04B35/51based on compounds of actinides non-oxide actinide compounds C04B35/5158; nuclear fuel materials G21C3/62 C04B35/515based on non-oxide ceramics C04B35/5152based on halogenides other than fluorides C04B35/5154based on phosphides C04B35/5156based on rare earth compounds C04B35/5158based on actinide compounds C04B35/52based on carbon, e.g. graphite C04B35/521obtained by impregnation of carbon products with a carbonisable material C04B35/522Graphite C04B35/536 takes precedence C04B35/524obtained from polymer precursors, e.g. glass-like carbon material C04B35/528obtained from carbonaceous particles with or without other non-organic components C04B35/532containing a carbonisable binder C04B35/536based on expanded graphite or complexed graphite C04B35/547based on sulfides or selenides or tellurides C04B35/553based on fluorides C04B35/56based on carbides or oxycarbides containing free metal binder C22C29/00 C04B35/5603with a well-defined oxygen content, e.g. oxycarbides C04B35/5607based on refractory metal carbides C04B35/5611based on titanium carbides C04B35/5615based on titanium silicon carbides C04B35/5618based on titanium aluminium carbides C04B35/5622based on zirconium or hafnium carbides C04B35/5626based on tungsten carbides C04B35/563based on boron carbide C04B35/565based on silicon carbide C04B35/571obtained from Si-containing polymer precursors or organosilicon monomers C04B35/573obtained by reaction sintering or recrystallisation C04B35/575obtained by pressure sintering C04B35/5755obtained by gas pressure sintering C04B35/58based on borides, nitrides, i.e. nitrides, oxynitrides, carbonitrides or oxycarbonitrides or silicides containing free binder metal C22C29/00 C04B35/58007based on refractory metal nitrides C04B35/58014based on titanium nitrides, e.g. TiAlON C04B35/58021based on titanium carbonitrides C04B35/58028based on zirconium or hafnium nitrides C04B35/58035based on zirconium or hafnium carbonitrides C04B35/58042based on iron group metals nitrides C04B35/5805based on borides C04B35/58057based on magnesium boride, e.g. MgB₂ C04B35/58064based on refractory borides C04B35/58071based on titanium borides C04B35/58078based on zirconium or hafnium borides C04B35/58085based on silicides C04B35/58092based on refractory metal silicides C04B35/581based on aluminium nitride C04B35/583based on boron nitride C04B35/5831based on cubic boron nitrides or Wurtzitic boron nitrides, including crystal structure transformation of powder C04B35/584based on silicon nitride C04B35/587Fine ceramics C04B35/589obtained from Si-containing polymer precursors or organosilicon monomers C04B35/591obtained by reaction sintering C04B35/593obtained by pressure sintering C04B35/5935obtained by gas pressure sintering C04B35/597based on silicon oxynitride, e.g. SIALONS C04B35/622Forming processesProcessing powders of inorganic compounds preparatory to the manufacturing of ceramic products In groups C04B35/622 and subgroups indexing codes are given for aspects relating to the preparation, properties or mechanical treatment or to heat treatments of green bodies. The codes are chosen from C04B2235/60 - C04B2235/668 C04B35/62204using waste materials or refuse clay-wares containing waste materials C04B33/132 C04B35/62209using woody material, remaining in the ceramic products to obtain porous material by burning out C04B38/06 C04B35/62213using rice material, e.g. bran or hulls or husks C04B35/62218obtaining ceramic films, e.g. by using temporary supports C04B35/62222obtaining ceramic coatings coating of mortars, concrete, artificial or natural stone or ceramics C04B41/45; laminated ceramic products B32B18/00; coating metallic materials C23; coating of glass C03C17/00, applying ceramic coatings on silicon for semi-conductor purposes H01L C04B35/62227obtaining fibres C04B35/62231based on oxide ceramics C04B35/62236Fibres based on aluminium oxide C04B35/6224Fibres based on silica C04B35/62245rich in aluminium oxide C04B35/6225Fibres based on zirconium oxide, e.g. zirconates such as PZT C04B35/62254Fibres based on copper oxide C04B35/62259Fibres based on titanium oxide C04B35/62263Fibres based on magnesium oxide C04B35/62268Fibres based on metal phosphorus oxides, e.g. phosphates C04B35/62272based on non-oxide ceramics carbon nanotubes C01B32/15; carbon fibers D01F9/12 C04B35/62277Fibres based on carbides C04B35/62281based on silicon carbide C04B35/571 takes precedence C04B35/62286Fibres based on nitrides C04B35/6229based on boron nitride C04B35/62295based on silicon nitride C04B35/589 takes precedence C04B35/624Sol-gel processing C04B35/626Preparing or treating the powders individually or as batches pigments for ceramics C09C1/0009; preparing or treating macroscopic reinforcing agents for ceramic products, e.g. fibres; mechanical aspects section B C04B35/62605Treating the starting powders individually or as mixtures C04B35/6261Milling C04B35/62615High energy or reactive ball milling C04B35/6262of calcined, sintered clinker or ceramics C04B35/62625Wet mixtures C04B35/6263characterised by their solids loadings, i.e. the percentage of solids C04B35/62635Mixing details C04B35/6264Mixing media, e.g. organic solvents C04B35/62645Thermal treatment of powders or mixtures thereof other than sintering C04B35/6265involving reduction or oxidation C04B35/62655Drying, e.g. freeze-drying, spray-drying, microwave or supercritical drying C04B35/6266Humidity controlled drying C04B35/62665Flame, plasma or melting treatment C04B35/6267Pyrolysis, carbonisation or auto-combustion reactions C04B35/62675characterised by the treatment temperature C04B35/6268characterised by the applied pressure or type of atmosphere, e.g. in vacuum, hydrogen or a specific oxygen pressure C04B35/62685characterised by the order of addition of constituents or additives C04B35/6269Curing of mixtures C04B35/62695Granulation or pelletising devices for shaping artificial aggregates from ceramic mixtures B28B1/004 C04B35/628Coating the powders or the macroscopic reinforcing agents C04B35/62802Powder coating materials C04B35/62805Oxide ceramics C04B35/62807Silica or silicates C04B35/6281Alkaline earth metal oxides C04B35/62813Alumina or aluminates C04B35/62815Rare earth metal oxides C04B35/62818Refractory metal oxides C04B35/62821Titanium oxide C04B35/62823Zirconium or hafnium oxide C04B35/62826Iron group metal oxides C04B35/62828Non-oxide ceramics C04B35/62831Carbides C04B35/62834Silicon carbide C04B35/62836Nitrides C04B35/62839Carbon C04B35/62842Metals C04B35/62844Coating fibres C04B35/62847with oxide ceramics C04B35/62849Silica or silicates C04B35/62852Alumina or aluminates C04B35/62855Refractory metal oxides C04B35/62857with non-oxide ceramics C04B35/6286Carbides C04B35/62863Silicon carbide C04B35/62865Nitrides C04B35/62868Boron nitride C04B35/62871Silicon nitride C04B35/62873Carbon C04B35/62876with metals C04B35/62878with boron or silicon C04B35/62881with metal salts, e.g. phosphates C04B35/62884by gas phase techniques C04B35/62886by wet chemical techniques C04B35/62889with a discontinuous coating layer C04B35/62892with a coating layer consisting of particles C04B35/62894with more than one coating layer C04B35/62897Coatings characterised by their thickness C04B35/63using additives specially adapted for forming the products , e.g.. binder binders C04B35/6303Inorganic additives C04B35/6306Binders based on phosphoric acids or phosphates C04B35/6309Aluminium phosphates C04B35/6313Alkali metal or alkaline earth metal phosphates C04B35/6316Binders based on silicon compounds C04B35/632Organic additives C04B35/6325based on organo-metallic compounds C04B35/634Polymers C04B35/636 takes precedence C04B35/63404obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B35/63408Polyalkenes C04B35/63412Coumarone polymers C04B35/63416Polyvinylalcohols [PVA]; Polyvinylacetates C04B35/6342Polyvinylacetals, e.g. polyvinylbutyral [PVB] C04B35/63424Polyacrylates; Polymethacrylates C04B35/63428of ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid anhydride polymers, e.g. maleic anhydride copolymers C04B35/63432Polystyrenes C04B35/63436Halogen-containing polymers, e.g. PVC C04B35/6344Copolymers containing at least three different monomers C04B35/63444Nitrogen-containing polymers, e.g. polyacrylamides, polyacrylonitriles, polyvinylpyrrolidone [PVP], polyethylenimine [PEI] C04B35/63448obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B35/63452Polyepoxides C04B35/63456Polyurethanes; Polyisocyanates C04B35/6346Polyesters C04B35/63464Polycarbonates C04B35/63468Polyamides C04B35/63472Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones In this group the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "aldehydes" also covers other organic compounds reacting as aldehydes, e.g. glyoxylic acid C04B35/63476Phenol-formaldehyde condensation polymers C04B35/6348Melamine-formaldehyde condensation polymers C04B35/63484Urea-formaldehyde condensation polymers C04B35/63488Polyethers, e.g. alkylphenol polyglycolether, polyethylene glycol [PEG], polyethylene oxide [PEO] C04B35/63492Natural resins, e.g. rosin C04B35/63496Bituminous materials, e.g. tar, pitch C04B35/636Polysaccharides or derivatives thereof C04B35/6365Cellulose or derivatives thereof C04B35/638Removal thereof C04B35/64Burning or sintering processes C04B33/32 takes precedence ; powder metallurgy B22F C04B35/645Pressure sintering C04B35/6455Hot isostatic pressing C04B35/65Reaction sintering of free metal- or free silicon-containing compositions C04B35/573, C04B35/591 take precedence C04B35/651Thermite type sintering, e.g. combustion sintering C04B35/652Directional oxidation or solidification, e.g. Lanxide process C04B35/653Processes involving a melting step C04B35/657for manufacturing refractories C04B35/05, C04B35/107, C04B35/484 take precedence C04B35/66Monolithic refractories or refractory mortars, including those whether or not containing clay making or repairing of linings F27D1/16 C04B35/71Ceramic products containing macroscopic reinforcing agents C04B35/66 takes precedence ; infiltration of a porous ceramic matrix with a material forming a non-ceramic phase C04B41/00, reaction infiltration with Si in order to form SiC C04B35/573, in order to form Si₃N₄ C04B35/591 In groups C04B35/71 - C04B35/83 the composition of the ceramic products is also classified in groups C04B35/01 - C04B35/597 C04B35/74containing shaped metallic materials C04B35/76Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like C04B35/78containing non-metallic materials C04B35/80Fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like C04B35/82AsbestosGlassFused silica C04B35/83Carbon fibres in a carbon matrixThe products covered by this group are usually referred to as "carbon-carbon composites". C04B37/00Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating soldering and welding materials B23K35/24; laminated products B32B, E04CIn groups C04B37/00 - C04B37/04 features relating to interlayers, additional compositional information or further processing are indexed with codes chosen from C04B2237/00 - C04B2237/88. C04B37/001directly with other burned ceramic articles C04B37/003by means of an interlayer consisting of a combination of materials selected from glass, or ceramic material with metals, metal oxides or metal salts C04B37/005consisting of glass or ceramic material C04B37/006consisting of metals or metal salts C04B37/008by means of an interlayer consisting of an organic adhesive, e.g. phenol resin or pitch C04B37/02with metallic articles C04B37/021in a direct manner, e.g. direct copper bonding [DCB] C04B37/023characterised by the interlayer used C04B37/028 takes precedence C04B37/025consisting of glass or ceramic material C04B37/026consisting of metals or metal salts C04B37/028by means of an interlayer consisting of an organic adhesive, e.g. phenol resin or pitch C04B37/04with articles made from glass C04B37/042in a direct manner C04B37/045characterised by the interlayer used C04B37/047 takes precedence C04B37/047by means of an interlayer consisting of an organic adhesive, e.g. phenol resin or pitch C04B38/00Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic warePreparation thereof treating slag with gases or gas generating material C04B5/06 ; expanded graphite C04B35/536 Porous mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramic ware characterised by the ingredients or compositions are also classified in groups C04B2/00 - C04B35/00.Porous materials based on fibres, i.e. materials where the porosity is due to the spaces between the fibres, are not classified in this maingroup, but in one or more of the other relevant maingroups of this subclass, e.g. in C04B30/02. C04B38/0003containing continuous channels, e.g. of the "dead-end" type or obtained by pushing bars in the green ceramic product B28B takes precedence C04B38/0006Honeycomb structures from one or more corrugated sheets by winding or stacking C04B38/0083 C04B38/0009characterised by features relating to the cell walls, e.g. wall thickness or distribution of pores in the walls C04B38/0012characterised by the material used for sealing or plugging (some of) the channels of the honeycombs C04B38/0016assembled from subunits C04B38/0019characterised by the material used for joining separate subunits When classifying in group C04B38/0019, classification is also made in C04B28/00 or C04B37/00 to give detailed information about the composition of the joining material C04B38/0022obtained by a chemical conversion or reaction other than those relating to the setting or hardening of cement-like material or to the formation of a sol or a gel, e.g. by carbonising or pyrolysing preformed cellular materials based on polymers, organo-metallic or organo-silicon precursors C04B38/0025starting from inorganic materials only, e.g. metal foam; Lanxide type products C04B38/0029Porous deposits from the gas phase, e.g. on a temporary support C04B38/0032one of the precursor materials being a monolithic element having approximately the same dimensions as the final article, e.g. a paper sheet which after carbonisation will react with silicon to form a porous silicon carbide porous body C04B38/0035by evaporation induced self-assembly C04B38/0038by superficial sintering or bonding of particulate matter C04B38/0041the particulate matter having preselected particle sizes C04B38/0045by a process involving the formation of a sol or a gel, e.g. sol-gel or precipitation processes C04B38/0048Precipitation processes C04B38/0051characterised by the pore size, pore shape or kind of porosity C04B38/0054the pores being microsized or nanosized C04B38/0058open porosity C04B38/0061closed porosity C04B38/0064Multimodal pore size distribution C04B38/0067characterised by the density of the end product This group is mainly used for classification using Combination Sets in C04B38/00 C04B38/007characterised by the pore distribution, e.g. inhomogeneous distribution of pores This group is mainly used for classification using Combination Sets in C04B38/00 C04B38/0074expressed as porosity percentage C04B38/0077Materials with a non-porous skin C04B38/008Bodies obtained by assembling separate elements having such a configuration that the final product is porous or by spirally winding one or more corrugated sheets C04B38/0083from one or more corrugated sheets or sheets bearing protrusions by winding or stacking C04B38/0087by generating pores in the ceramic material while in the molten state C04B38/009Porous or hollow ceramic granular materials, e.g. microballoons C04B18/027, C04B20/002 take precedence C04B38/0093Other features C04B38/0096Pores with coated inner walls C04B38/02by adding chemical blowing agents C04B38/025generated by microorganisms C04B38/04by dissolving-out added substances C04B38/045the dissolved-out substance being a monolitic element having approximately the same dimensions as the final article, e.g. a prepreg obtained by bonding together dissolvable particles C04B38/0022 takes precedence C04B38/06by burning-out added substances by burning natural expanding materials or by sublimating or melting out added substances Documents in which the characteristic feature is the choice of meltable or sublimable material or the physical aspects of the porous body obtained are classified accordingly, and symbols C04B38/0605 or C04B38/061 are allocated in Combination Sets. C04B38/0605by sublimating C04B38/061by melting out C04B38/0615the burned-out substance being a monolitic element having approximately the same dimensions as the final article, e.g. a porous polyurethane sheet or a prepreg obtained by bonding together resin particles C04B38/0022 takes precedence C04B38/062the burned-out substance being formed in situ, e.g. by polymerisation of a prepolymer composition containing ceramic powder C04B38/0625involving a foaming step of the burnable material C04B38/063Preparing or treating the raw materials individually or as batches C04B38/0635Compounding ingredients C04B38/0615 takes precedence C04B38/064Natural expanding materials, e.g. clay C04B38/0645Burnable, meltable, sublimable materials C04B38/065characterised by physical aspects, e.g. shape, size or porosity Documents having this group as classification symbol or as part of a Combination Set can also get symbol C04B38/0051 in the Combination Set, if the importance of the size of the pores obtained is emphasized. C04B38/0655Porous materials C04B38/0625 takes precedence C04B38/066characterised by distribution, e.g. for obtaining inhomogeneous distribution of pores Documents having this group as classification symbol or as part of a Combination Set can also get symbol C04B38/007 in the Combination Set, if the importance of the distribution of the pores is emphasized. C04B38/0665Waste material; Refuse other than vegetable refuse C04B38/067Macromolecular compounds C04B38/062 takes precedence; polysaccharides C04B38/0645 C04B38/0675Vegetable refuse; Cellulosic materials, e.g. wood chips, cork, peat, paper C04B38/068Carbonaceous materials, e.g. coal, carbon, graphite, hydrocarbons C04B38/0685Minerals containing carbon, e.g. oil shale C04B38/069Other materials, e.g. catalysts C04B33/13, C04B35/00 take precedence C04B38/0695Physical aspects of the porous material obtained C04B38/08by adding porous substances C04B38/085of micro- or nanosize C04B38/10by using foaming agents C04B38/02 takes precedenceor by using mechanical means, e.g. adding preformed foam C04B38/103the foaming being obtained by the introduction of a gas other than untreated air, e.g. nitrogen C04B38/106by adding preformed foams C04B40/00Processes, in general, for influencing or modifying the properties of mortars, concrete or artificial stone compositions, e.g. their setting or hardening ability active ingredients C04B22/00 - C04B24/00; hardening of a well-defined composition C04B26/00 - C04B28/00; making porous, cellular or lightening C04B38/00; mechanical aspects B28, e.g. conditioning the materials prior to shaping B28B17/02 C04B40/0003making use of electric or wave energy or particle radiation C04B40/0007Electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields C04B40/001Electromagnetic waves C04B40/0014Microwaves C04B40/0017Irradiation, i.e. gamma -, X -, UV rays C04B40/0021Sonic or ultrasonic waves, e.g. to initiate sonochemical reactions C04B40/0025obtaining colloidal mortar C04B40/0028Aspects relating to the mixing step of the mortar preparation C04B40/0032Controlling the process of mixing, e.g. adding ingredients in a quantity depending on a measured or desired value B28C7/00 takes precedence C04B40/0035Processes characterised by the absence of a mechanical mixing step, e.g. "no-mix" processes C04B40/0039Premixtures of ingredients C04B40/0042Powdery mixtures C04B40/0046characterised by their processing, e.g. sequence of mixing the ingredients when preparing the premixtures C04B40/005High shear mixing; Obtaining macro-defect free materials C04B40/0053Obtaining macro-defect free materials otherwise than by high shear mixing C04B40/0057Energetic mixing C04B40/005 takes precedence C04B40/006involving the elimination of excess water from the mixture C04B40/0064Processes of the Magnini or Hatscheck type C04B40/0067making use of vibrations C04B40/0071making use of a rise in pressure C04B40/0075making use of a decrease in temperature C04B40/0078by freezing C04B40/0082making use of a rise in temperature, e.g. caused by an exothermic reaction C04B40/0085involving melting of at least part of the composition C04B40/0089making use of vacuum or reduced pressure C04B40/0092Temporary binders, mortars or concrete, i.e. materials intended to be destroyed or removed after hardening, e.g. by acid dissolution C04B40/0096Provisions for indicating condition of the compositions or the final products, e.g. degree of homogeneous mixing, degree of wear C04B40/02Selection of the hardening environment In this group the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "hardening" covers also setting, pre-curing and curing C04B40/0204making use of electric or wave energy or particle radiation C04B40/0209Electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields C04B40/0213Electromagnetic waves C04B40/0218Microwaves C04B40/0222Irradiation, i.e. gamma -, X -, UV rays C04B40/0227Sonic or ultrasonic waves C04B40/0231Carbon dioxide hardening C04B40/0236Carbon dioxide post-treatment of already hardened material C04B40/024Steam hardening, e.g. in an autoclave C04B40/0245including a pre-curing step not involving a steam or autoclave treatment C04B40/025Adiabatic curing or hardening C04B40/0254Hardening in an enclosed space, e.g. in a flexible container C04B40/0259Hardening promoted by a rise in pressure C04B40/024 takes precedence C04B40/0263Hardening promoted by a rise in temperature C04B40/024 takes precedence C04B40/0268Heating up to sintering temperatures C04B41/0072 takes precedence C04B40/0272Hardening under vacuum or reduced pressure C04B40/0277Hardening promoted by using additional water, e.g. by spraying water on the green concrete element steam hardening C04B40/024 C04B40/0281Hardening in an atmosphere of increased relative humidity C04B40/0286Hardening under water C04B40/029using an aqueous solution or dispersion C04B40/0295Inhomogeneous curing or hardening, e.g. accelerated curing of surface regions of a concrete article; Influencing the setting or hardening process to generate physical or mechanical effects, e.g. to create cracks C04B40/04Preventing evaporation of the mixing water permanent coverings C04B41/00 C04B40/06Inhibiting the setting, e.g. mortars of the deferred action type containing water in breakable containers ; Inhibiting the action of active ingredients Compositions with prolonged pot-life are not classified here.
They are classified as other compositions and the symbol C04B2111/00086 is allocated in Combination Set. C04B40/0608Dry ready-made mixtures, e.g. mortars at which only water or a water solution has to be added before use C04B40/0616preformed, e.g. bandages C04B40/0625Wet ready-made mixtures, e.g. mortars in water- or airtight packages, or mortars containing an accelerator in a breakable emulsion C04B40/0633Chemical separation of ingredients, e.g. slowly soluble activator C04B40/0641Mechanical separation of ingredients, e.g. accelerator in breakable microcapsules C04B40/065Two or more component mortars C04B40/0658Retarder inhibited mortars activated by the addition of accelerators or retarder-neutralising agents C04B40/0666Chemical plugs based on hydraulic hardening materials C04B40/0675Mortars activated by rain, percolating or sucked-up water; Self-healing mortars or concrete C04B40/0683inhibiting by freezing or cooling C04B40/0691Thermally activated mortars, e.g. by melting ingredients C04B41/00After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramicsTreatment of natural stone conditioning of the materials prior to shaping C04B40/00; applying liquids or other fluent materials to surfaces, in general B05; grinding or polishing B24; apparatus or processes for treating or working shaped articles of clay or other ceramic compositions, slag or mixtures containing cementitious material B28B11/00; working stone or stone-like materials B28D; glazes, other than cold glazes, C03C8/00; etching, surface-brightening or pickling compositions C09K13/00In this group, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "mortars", "concrete" and "artificial stone" cover materials after primary shaping.Treating, e.g. coating or impregnating, a material with the same material or with a substance that ultimately is transformed into the same material is not considered aftertreatment for this group but is classified as preparation of the material, e.g. a carbon body impregnated with a carbonisable substance is classified in C04B35/52. In groups C04B41/45 - C04B41/80, the last place priority rule is applied, i.e. at each hierarchical level, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place.In this group, multiple classification is made according to the following rules: when the substrate to be treated is of the artificial stone type, e.g. concrete, classification is made in the range C04B41/00 - C04B41/5392 as well as in the range C04B41/60 - C04B41/72 when the substrate to be treated is of the ceramic type, classification is made in the range C04B41/00 - C04B41/5392 as well as in the range C04B41/80 - C04B41/91 when the substrate to be treated is aspecific, classification is made only in the range C04B41/00 - C04B41/5392In groups C04B41/0018 - C04B41/53, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place.In groups C04B41/00 - C04B41/53, it is desirable to add the indexing codes relating to the nature of the substrate being treated. The indexing codes that are chosen from groups C04B26/00 - C04B38/00 should be unlinked. In groups C04B41/00 - C04B41/53, it is desirable to add the indexing codes relating to aspects of the coating composition or to the method of application. The indexing codes that are chosen from groups C04B41/00 - C04B41/5392 should be unlinked. Attention is drawn to internal Note (2) following the title of subclass C04B. C04B41/0009Demolition agents based on cementitous or like materials Products classified in group C04B41/0009 should also be classified according to their composition, e.g. in C04B28/00 C04B41/0018Coating or impregnating "in situ", e.g. impregnating of artificial stone by subsequent melting of a compound added to the artificial stone composition C04B41/0027Ion-implantation, ion-irradiation or ion-injection C04B41/0036Laser treatment working by laser beam B23K26/00 C04B41/0045Irradiation; Radiation, e.g. with UV or IR C04B41/0036 takes precedence C04B41/0054Plasma-treatment, e.g. with gas-discharge plasma C04B41/0063Cooling, e.g. freezingIn this group the term "cooling" is used in the sense of an additional cooling treatment, different from the traditional cooling step in the fabrication of materials involving a heating step, such as sintering of ceramics C04B41/0072Heat treatment C04B41/0081characterised by the subsequent cooling step C04B41/009characterised by the material treated C04B41/45Coating or impregnating paints C09D, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements ion-implantation C04B41/0027 In group C04B41/45 and sub-groups, as a general rule, classification is made according to the end products, rather than according to the starting materials, in the coating or impregnating compositions. In groups C04B41/45 - C04B41/528 the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "coating" covers material applied to the substrates as powdery material or applied from the gas or liquid phase, e.g. as a slurry; it only covers the use of preformed sheet-like elements in so far as the thickness of these sheets is small compared with the thickness of the substrate and so far as the resulting product is not exclusively one of the type classifiable in B32B C04B41/4501with preformed sheet-like elements C04B41/4503having an adhesive layer C04B41/4505characterised by the method of application C04B41/4507using keying elements, e.g. particulate material, to facilitate the adherence of coating layers C04B41/4509The keying element being generated from identations made in the substrate C04B41/4511using temporarily supports, e.g. decalcomania transfers or mould surfaces C04B41/4513the temporary support- and coating material being mixed together, e.g. tile glazing paper sheets C04B41/4515application under vacuum or reduced pressure C04B41/4517application under inert, e.g. non-oxidising, atmosphere C04B41/4519application under an other specific atmosphere C04B41/4521application under increased pressure C04B41/4523applied from the molten state vitreous materials C04B41/5022; Thermal spraying, e.g. plasma spraying Coating or impregnating with a specific material in the molten state is classified according to the specific material and get symbol C04B41/4523 in Combination Sets C04B41/4525using a molten bath as vehicle, e.g. molten borax C04B41/4527Plasma spraying deposition from the gas phase using plasma C04B41/4533 C04B41/4529applied from the gas phase Coating or impregnating with a specific material from the gas phase is classified according to the specific material and symbol C04B41/4529 is allocated in Combination Sets C04B41/4531by C.V.D. C04B41/4533plasma assisted C04B41/4535applied as a solution, emulsion, dispersion or suspension Coating or impregnation with a solution or a suspension of a specific material is classified according to the specific material and symbol C04B41/4535 is allocated in Combination Sets C04B41/4537by the sol-gel process C04B41/4539as a emulsion, dispersion or suspension C04B41/4541Electroless plating C04B41/4543by spraying, e.g. by atomising C04B41/4545applied as a powdery material Coating or impregnation with a specific powdery material is classified according to the specific material and symbols C04B41/4545 - C04B41/4549 are allocated in Combination Sets C04B41/4547characterised by the grain distribution C04B41/4549Nanometer-sized particles C04B41/455the coating or impregnating process including a chemical conversion or reaction C04B41/4552the end product being obtained by a multistep reaction or conversion C04B41/4554the coating or impregnating material being an organic or organo-metallic precursor of an inorganic material C04B41/4556coating or impregnating with a product reacting with the substrate, e.g. generating a metal coating by surface reduction of a ceramic substrate C04B41/4558Coating or impregnating involving the chemical conversion of an already applied layer, e.g. obtaining an oxide layer by oxidising an applied metal layer C04B41/456the conversion only taking place under certain conditions, e.g. avoiding damage of underlaying layers or parts of the substrate C04B41/4562Photographic methods, e.g. making use of photo-sensitive materials C04B41/4564Electrolytic or electrophoretic processes, e.g. electrochemical re-alkalisation of reinforced concrete desalination C04B41/53 C04B41/4566Electrochemical re-alcalisation electrochemical desalination C04B41/5369; cathodic protection C23F13/02 C04B41/4568Electrostatic processes C04B41/457Non-superficial impregnation or infiltration of the substrate C04B41/4572Partial coating or impregnation of the surface of the substrate C04B41/4574Coating different parts of the substrate with different materials C04B41/4576Inlaid coatings, i.e. resulting in a plane surface C04B41/4578Coating or impregnating of green ceramics or unset concrete C04B41/458involving a mixing step with the top layer of the substrate C04B41/4582Porous coatings, e.g. coating containing porous fillers C04B41/4584Coating or impregnating of particulate or fibrous ceramic material C04B20/10, C04B35/628 take precedence C04B41/4586Non-chemical aspects relating to the substrate being coated or impregnated C04B41/4588Superficial melting of the substrate before or during the coating or impregnating step C04B41/459Temporary coatings or impregnations C04B40/04 takes precedence C04B41/4592for masking purposes C04B41/4594in metallisation processes C04B41/4596with fibrous materials or whiskers C04B41/4598with waste materials C04B41/46with organic materials C04B41/463Organic solvents C04B41/466Halogenated compounds, e.g. perfluor-compounds C04B41/47Oils, fats or waxes natural resins C04B41/472Oils, e.g. linseed oil C04B41/474Natural resins, e.g. rosin C04B41/476Cellulosic waste liquor, e.g. sulfite lye C04B41/478Bitumen, asphalt, e.g. paraffin C04B41/48Macromolecular compounds C04B41/4803Polysaccharides, e.g. cellulose, or derivatives thereof C04B41/4807Proteins or derivatives thereof C04B41/4811Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones In this group the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "aldehydes" also covers other organic compounds reacting as aldehydes, e.g. glyoxylic acid C04B41/4815Melamine-formaldehyde condensation products C04B41/4819Urea-formaldehyde condensation products C04B41/4823Phenol-formaldehyde condensation products C04B41/4826Polyesters C04B41/483Polyacrylates C04B41/4834Polyacrylamides C04B41/4838Halogenated polymers C04B41/4842Fluorine-containing polymers C04B41/4846Perfluoro-compounds C04B41/4849Sulfur-containing polymers C04B41/4853Epoxides C04B41/4857Other macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C04B41/4861Polyalkenes C04B41/4865Coumarone polymers C04B41/4869Polyvinylalcohols, polyvinylacetates C04B41/4873Polyvinylacetals C04B41/4876Polystyrene C04B41/488Other macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds C04B41/4884Polyurethanes; Polyisocyanates C04B41/4888Polycarbonates C04B41/4892Polyamides C04B41/4896Polyethers C04B41/49Compounds having one or more carbon-to-metal or carbon-to-silicon linkages Organo-clay compounds; Organo-silicates, i.e. ortho- or polysilicic acid esters to obtain SiO₂ C04B41/5089, C04B41/5035; Organo-phosphorus compounds; Organo-inorganic complexes As distinct from the general practice in C04B41/00, classification in C04B41/49 and sub-groups is done according to the nature of the starting products, not according to the nature of the end products C04B41/4905containing silicon C04B41/4911Organo-clay compounds C04B41/4916applied to the substrate as a solventless liquid C04B41/4922applied to the substrate as monomers, i.e. as organosilanes RnSiX4-n, e.g. alkyltrialkoxysilane, dialkyldialkoxysilane C04B41/4927Alkali metal or ammonium salts C04B41/4933containing halogens, i.e. organohalogen silanes C04B41/4938containing silicon bound to hydroxy groups, e.g. trimethyl silanol C04B41/4944containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, silicon, alkali metals or halogens, e.g. N-silyldisilazane: Image C04B41/495applied to the substrate as oligomers or polymers C04B41/4955Polyorganosilanes, i.e. polymers with a Si-Si-Si- chain C04B41/4961Polyorganosiloxanes, i.e. polymers with a Si-O-Si-O-chain; "silicones" C04B41/4966containing silicon bound to hydroxy groups, i.e. OH-blocked polysiloxanes C04B41/4972Alkali metal or ammonium salts C04B41/4977characterised by the number of silicon atoms C04B41/4983Polycarbosilanes, i.e. polymers with a -Si-C-Si-chain; Polysilazanes, i.e. polymers with a -Si-N-Si-chain; Polysilathianes, i.e. polymers with a -Si-S-Si-chain C04B41/4988Organosilicium-organic copolymers, e.g. olefins with terminal silane groups C04B41/4994Organo-phosphorus compounds C04B41/50with inorganic materials C04B41/5001with carbon or carbonisable materials C04B41/5002Diamond C04B41/5003Fullerenes or derivatives thereof C04B41/5005Carbon fluorides; Halogen containing carbon or graphite intercallation products C04B41/5006Boron compounds C04B41/5007with salts or salty compositions, e.g. for salt glazing C04B41/5006 takes precedence C04B41/5009containing nitrogen in the anion, e.g. nitrites C04B41/501containing carbon in the anion, e.g. carbonates C04B41/5011containing halogen in the anion C04B41/5012chlorides C04B41/5014containing sulfur in the anion, e.g. sulfides C04B41/5015containing phosphorus in the anion, e.g. phosphates C04B41/5016Acids C04B41/5018with fluorine compounds C04B41/5019applied from the gas phase, e.g. ocratation C04B41/502Water C04B41/5022with vitreous materials composition of vitreous glazes and enamels C03C; ceramic pigments C09C1/0009 Glazing of concrete, natural or artificial stone or ceramics is only classified in C04B41/5022 when non-compositional aspects are important, e.g. aspects relating to the method of application or the choice of the substrate C04B41/5023Glass-ceramics compositions of glass-ceramics C03C10/00 C04B41/5024Silicates C04B41/5022 takes precedence; silico-fluorides C04B41/5018 C04B41/5025with ceramic materials copper oxide or solid solutions thereof C04B41/5074 In this subgroup, the materials considered as ceramic materials are those covered by groups C04B33/00 - C04B35/83 C04B41/5027Oxide ceramics in general; Specific oxide ceramics not covered by C04B41/5029 - C04B41/5051 C04B41/5028Manganates C04B41/5029Magnesia C04B41/5031Alumina C04B41/5032Aluminates aluminate spinels C04B41/5046 C04B41/5033Chromium oxide C04B41/5035Silica C04B41/5036Ferrites C04B41/5037Clay, Kaolin C04B41/5038Porcelain C04B41/504Engobes C04B41/5041Titanium oxide or titanates C04B41/5042Zirconium oxides or zirconates; Hafnium oxides or hafnates C04B41/5044Hafnates C04B41/5045Rare-earth oxides C04B41/5046Spinels, e.g. magnesium aluminate spinels C04B41/5048Phosphates C04B41/5049Zinc or bismuth oxides C04B41/505Tin oxide C04B41/5051Niobium oxides or niobates C04B41/5053non-oxide ceramics carbon or carbonisable materials C04B41/5001 C04B41/5054Sulfides or selenides C04B41/5055Fluorides C04B41/5057Carbides C04B41/5058Boron carbide C04B41/5059Silicon carbide C04B41/5061Titanium carbide C04B41/5062Borides, Nitrides or Silicides C04B41/5063Aluminium nitride C04B41/5064Boron nitride C04B41/5066Silicon nitride C04B41/5067Silicon oxynitrides, e.g. SIALON C04B41/5068Titanium nitride C04B41/507Borides C04B41/5071Silicides C04B41/5072with oxides or hydroxides not covered by C04B41/5025 C04B40/0236 takes precedence; boron oxide C04B41/5006 C04B41/5074Copper oxide or solid solutions thereof CuO-Cu eutectic C04B41/5127 C04B41/5075Copper oxide C04B41/5076with masses bonded by inorganic cements sulfur compositions C04B41/5097 C04B41/5077Geopolymer cements C04B41/5079Portland cements C04B41/508Aluminous cements C04B41/5081Calcium alumino sulfate cements C04B41/5083Slag cements C04B41/5084Lime, hydraulic lime or magnesium oxide cements C04B41/5085Calcium sulfate cements C04B41/5087Anhydrite C04B41/5088Cementitious compositions of the silica-lime type C04B41/5089Silica sols, alkyl, ammonium or alkali metal silicate cements C04B41/509Magnesium cements, e.g. Sorel cement C04B41/5092Phosphate cements C04B41/5093with elements other than metals or carbon treatment with fluorine gas C04B41/5019 C04B41/5094Boron C04B41/5096Silicon C04B35/573 takes precedence C04B41/5097Sulfur C04B41/5098Cermets C04B41/51Metallising , e.g. infiltration of sintered ceramic preforms with molten metal covering materials with metals in general C23C; ceramic compositions containing free metal bonded to carbides, diamond, oxides, borides, nitrides, silicides, e.g. cermets, or other metal compounds, e.g. oxynitrides or sulfides, other than as macroscopic reinforcing agents C22C; infiltration of preforms containing free metal, e.g. cermets C22C C04B41/5105with a composition mainly composed of one or more of the noble metals or copper C04B41/5111Ag, Au, Pd, Pt or Cu C04B41/5116Ag or Au C04B41/5122Pd or Pt C04B41/5127Cu, e.g. Cu-CuO eutectic C04B41/5133with a composition mainly composed of one or more of the refractory metals C04B41/5138with a composition mainly composed of Mn and Mo, e.g. for the Moly-manganese method C04B41/5144with a composition mainly composed of one or more of the metals of the iron group C04B41/515Other specific metals C04B41/5155Aluminium C04B41/5161Tin C04B41/5166Lead C04B41/5172Cadmium C04B41/5177characterised by the non-metallic part of the metallising composition C04B41/5183inorganic C04B41/5188organic C04B41/5194Metallisation of multilayered ceramics, e.g. for the fabrication of multilayer ceramic capacitors C04B41/52Multiple coating or impregnating multiple coating or impregnating with the same composition or with compositions only differing in the concentration of the constituents, is classified as single coating or impregnation Multiple coating or impregnation with the same composition or with compositions only differing in the concentration of the constituents, is classified as single coating or impregnation and symbol C04B41/52 is allocated in Combination Sets Groups C04B41/522 and C04B41/524 are used for Combination Sets only of documents classified in C04B41/52 C04B41/522Multiple coatings, for one of the coatings of which at least one alternative is described C04B41/524Multiple coatings, comprising a coating layer of the same material as a previous coating layer C04B41/526Multiple coating or impregnation with materials having the same composition but different characteristics C04B41/528Applying layers containing opposite charged particles or materials in the successive layers C04B41/53involving the removal of at least part of the materials of the treated article, e.g. etching, drying of hardened concrete C04B41/0036 - C04B41/0054 take precedence C04B41/5307Removal of physically bonded water, e.g. drying of hardened concrete E04B1/7007 takes precedence C04B41/5315Cleaning compositions, e.g. for removing hardened cement from ceramic tiles C04B41/5323to make grain visible, e.g. for obtaining exposed aggregate concrete C04B41/533Seeding methods, i.e. the exposed aggregates, at least partially, not making part of the starting mixture C04B41/5338Etching for obtaining decorative effects B44C1/22; etching of specific electronic compounds, see the relevant places, e.g. etching of semiconductor bodies H01L21/306 C04B41/5346Dry etching C04B41/5353Wet etching, e.g. with etchants dissolved in organic solvents C04B41/5361Etching with molten material C04B41/5369Desalination, e.g. of reinforced concrete C04B41/5376Electrochemical desalination electrochemical re-alkalisation C04B41/4566; drying by electro-osmosis E04B1/7007 C04B41/5384by electrochemical methods electrochemical desalination C04B41/5376 C04B41/5392by burning C04B38/06 takes precedence C04B41/60of only artificial stone C04B41/61Coating or impregnation C04B41/62with organic materials C04B41/63Macromolecular compounds C04B41/64Compounds having one or more carbon-to-metal of carbon-to-silicon linkages C04B41/65with inorganic materials C04B41/66Fluorides, e.g. ocratation C04B41/67Phosphates C04B41/68Silicic acidSilicates C04B41/69Metals C04B41/70for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions C04B41/71at least one coating being an organic material C04B41/72involving the removal of part of the materials of the treated articles, e.g. etching C04B41/80of only ceramics C04B41/81Coating or impregnation C04B41/82with organic materials C04B41/83Macromolecular compounds C04B41/84Compounds having one or more carbon-to-metal of carbon-to-silicon linkages C04B41/85with inorganic materials C04B41/86GlazesCold glazes C04B41/87Ceramics C04B41/88Metals C04B41/89for obtaining at least two superposed coatings having different compositions C04B41/90at least one coating being a metal C04B41/91involving the removal of part of the materials of the treated articles, e.g. etching C04B2103/00 C04B2103/00Function or property of ingredients for mortars, concrete or artificial stone C04B2103/0001Living organisms, e.g. microorganisms, or enzymes C04B2103/0002Seeds C04B2103/0003Unintentionally added compounds, such as impurities in raw materials, e.g. alkali sulfates in construction grade cement C04B2103/0004Compounds chosen for the nature of their cations C04B2103/0005Organic ammonium compounds C04B2103/0006Alkali metal or inorganic ammonium compounds C04B2103/0007K C04B2103/0008Li C04B2103/0009Inorganic ammonium compounds C04B2103/001Alkaline earth metal or Mg-compounds C04B2103/0011Ba C04B2103/0012Mg C04B2103/0013Iron group metal compounds C04B2103/0014Fe C04B2103/0015Noble metal or copper compounds C04B2103/0016Cu C04B2103/0017Refractory metal compounds C04B2103/0018Cr C04B2103/0019Ti C04B2103/002Compounds of elements having a valency of 2 C04B2103/0021Compounds of elements having a valency of 3 C04B2103/0022Compounds of elements having a valency of 4 C04B2103/0023Compounds of elements having a valency of 5 C04B2103/0024Compounds of elements having a valency of 6 C04B2103/0025Compounds of the transition metals C04B2103/0026Compounds of unusual isotopes, e.g. heavy water C04B2103/0027Standardised cement types C04B2103/0028according to API C04B2103/0029Type A C04B2103/003Type B C04B2103/0031Type C C04B2103/0032Type D C04B2103/0033Type E C04B2103/0034Type F C04B2103/0035Type G C04B2103/0036Type H C04B2103/0037Type J C04B2103/0038Type K C04B2103/0039according to ASTM C04B2103/004according to DIN C04B2103/0041Non-polymeric ingredients chosen for their physico-chemical characteristics C04B2103/0042Amorphous materials C04B2103/0043Compounds chosen for their specific Moh's hardness C04B2103/0044Compounds chosen for their abrasion resistance, e.g. determined according to the L.A. test C04B2103/0045Polymers chosen for their physico-chemical characteristics C04B2103/0046added as monomers or as oligomers C04B2103/0047as a mixture of nonomers and prepolymers or oligomers C04B2103/0048as oligomers C04B2103/0049Water-swellable polymers C04B2103/005Alkali-swellable polymers C04B2103/0051Water-absorbing polymers, hydrophilic polymers C04B2103/0052Hydrophobic polymers C04B2103/0053Water-soluble polymers C04B2103/0054Water dispersible polymers C04B2103/0055Water-insoluble polymers C04B2103/0056Thermohardening polymers C04B2103/0057added as redispersable powders C04B2103/0058Core-shell polymers C04B2103/0059Graft (co-)polymers C04B2103/006Comb polymers C04B2103/0061Block (co-)polymers C04B2103/0062Cross-linked polymers C04B2103/0063obtained by an unusual polymerisation process, e.g. by changing the molar ratio of the different monomers during the polymerisation process C04B2103/0058 - C04B2103/0061 take precedence C04B2103/0064Polymers unstable in the presence of hydraulic binders, e.g. polymers flocculating in concrete mixtures C04B2103/0065Polymers characterised by their glass transition temperature (Tg) C04B2103/0066Film forming polymers C04B2103/0067the ingredients being formed in situ by chemical reactions or conversion of one or more of the compounds of the composition C04B2103/0068Ingredients with a function or property not provided for elsewhere in C04B2103/00 C04B2103/0069the ingredients being characterised by their physical state C04B2103/007Supercritical fluids C04B2103/0071Phase-change materials, e.g. latent heat storage materials used in concrete compositions C04B2103/0072Biodegradable materials C04B2103/0073Self-degrading materials, e.g. materials undergoing a hydrolytic degradation in the course of time C04B2103/0074Anti-static agents C04B2103/0075Anti-dusting agents C04B2103/0076Deodorizing agents C04B2103/0077Packaging material remaining in the mixture after the mixing step, e.g. soluble bags containing active ingredients C04B2103/0078Sorbent materials C04B2103/0079Rheology influencing agents C04B2103/008Flocking or deflocking agents C04B2103/0081Deflocking agents C04B2103/0082Segregation-preventing agents; Sedimentation-preventing agents C04B2103/0083Bleeding-preventing agents C04B2103/0084Polyelectrolytes C04B2103/0085Thixotropic agents C04B2103/0086Chelating or complexing agents C04B2103/0087Ion-exchanging agents C04B2103/0088Compounds chosen for their latent hydraulic characteristics, e.g. pozzuolanes Code C04B2103/0088 is only used when the chemical nature of the latent hydraulic material is not specified, when no specific group in subclass C04B exists for defining the material or when it is chosen from an important number of alternatives. C04B2103/0089Agents for reducing heat of hydration C04B2103/009Anhydrous vehicles for hydraulic cement compositions C04B2103/0091Organic co-binders for mineral binder compositions C04B2103/0092for improving green strength C04B2103/0093Organic cosolvents C04B2103/0094Agents for altering or buffering the pH; Ingredients characterised by their pH C04B2103/0095Oxidising agents C04B2103/0096Reducing agents C04B2103/0097Anion- and far-infrared-emitting materials C04B2103/0098Radioactive materials C04B2103/0099Aspecific ingredients, i.e. high number of alternative specific compounds mentioned for the same function or property C04B2103/10AcceleratorsActivators C04B2103/105for reactions involving organo-silicon compounds C04B2103/12Set accelerators C04B2103/14Hardening accelerators C04B2103/20Retarders C04B2103/22Set retarders C04B2103/24Hardening retarders C04B2103/30Water reducers, plasticisers, air-entrainers, flow improvers C04B2103/302Water reducers C04B2103/304Air-entrainers C04B2103/306Fluidisers with reduced air-entraning effect C04B2103/308Slump-loss preventing agents C04B2103/32Superplasticisers C04B2103/34Flow improvers C04B2103/40Surface-active agents, dispersants C04B2103/402anionic C04B2103/404cationic C04B2103/406non-ionic C04B2103/408Dispersants C04B2103/42Pore formers C04B2103/44Thickening, gelling or viscosity increasing agents C04B2103/445Gelling agents C04B2103/46Water-loss or fluid-loss reducers, hygroscopic or hydrophilic agents, water retention agents C04B2103/465Water-sorbing agents, hygroscopic or hydrophilic agents C04B2103/48Foam stabilisers C04B2103/50Defoamers, air detrainers C04B2103/52Grinding aidsAdditives added during grinding C04B2103/54PigmentsDyes C04B2103/56Opacifiers C04B2103/58Shrinkage reducing agents C04B2103/60Agents for protection against chemical, physical or biological attack C04B2103/601Agents for increasing frost resistance C04B2103/603Agents for controlling alkali-aggregate reactions C04B2103/605UV-stabilising agents C04B2103/606Agents for neutralising Ca(OH)₂ liberated during cement hardening C04B2103/608Anti-oxidants C04B2103/61Corrosion inhibitors C04B2103/63Flame-proofing agents C04B2103/65Water proofers or repellants C04B2103/67Biocides C04B2103/69Fungicides C04B2111/00Mortars, concrete or artificial stone or mixtures to prepare them, characterised by specific function, property or use C04B2111/00008Obtaining or using nanotechnology related materials C04B2111/00017Aspects relating to the protection of the environment C04B2111/00025Aspects relating to the protection of the health, e.g. materials containing special additives to afford skin protection avoiding chromium eczema by using chromium VI-free or very low chromium VI-content materials C04B2111/1081 C04B2111/00034Physico-chemical characteristics of the mixtures C04B2111/00043Anhydrous mixtures Code C04B2111/00043 is only used in combination with groups C04B26/00 - C04B26/32. C04B2111/00051Mortar or concrete mixtures with an unusual low cement content, e.g. for foundations C04B2111/0006for obtaining materials with the consistency of soil C04B2111/00068Mortar or concrete mixtures with an unusual water/cement ratio C04B2111/00077Partially hardened mortar or concrete mixtures C04B2111/00086Mixtures with prolonged pot-life C04B2111/00094Sag-resistant materials C04B2111/00103Self-compacting mixtures C04B2111/00112Mixtures characterised by specific pH values C04B2111/0012Thixotropic mixtures C04B2111/00129Extrudable mixtures C04B2111/00137Injection moldable mixtures C04B2111/00146Sprayable or pumpable mixtures C04B2111/00155Sprayable, i.e. concrete-like, materials able to be shaped by spraying instead of by casting, e.g. gunite C04B2111/00163by the dry process C04B2111/00172by the wet process C04B2111/00181Mixtures specially adapted for three-dimensional printing (3DP), stereo-lithography or prototyping C04B2111/00189Compositions or ingredients of the compositions characterised by analysis-spectra, e.g. NMR C04B2111/00198Characterisation or quantities of the compositions or their ingredients expressed as mathematical formulae or equations C04B2111/00206Compositions defined by their elemental analysis C04B2111/00215Mortar or concrete mixtures defined by their oxide composition C04B2111/00224Green materials, e.g. porous green ceramic preforms C04B2111/00232Temporary foams C04B2111/00241Physical properties of the materials not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 C04B2111/0025Compositions or ingredients of the compositions characterised by the crystal structure C04B2111/00258Electromagnetic wave absorbing or shielding materials C04B2111/00267Materials permeable to vapours or gases C04B2111/00275Materials impermeable to vapours or gases C04B2111/00284Materials permeable to liquids C04B2111/00293Materials impermeable to liquids C04B2111/00301Non-porous materials, e.g. macro-defect free [MDF] products C04B2111/0031Heavy materials, e.g. concrete used as ballast material C04B2111/00318Materials characterised by relatively small dimensions, e.g. small thickness C04B2111/00327for obtaining microstructures C04B2111/00336Materials with a smooth surface, e.g. obtained by using glass-surfaced moulds C04B2111/00344Materials with friction-reduced moving parts, e.g. ceramics lubricated by impregnation with carbon C04B2111/00353Sliding parts C04B2111/00362Friction materials, e.g. used as brake linings, anti-skid materials C04B2111/0037Materials containing oriented fillers or elements C04B2111/00379the oriented elements being fibres C04B2111/00387Anisotropic materials C04B2111/00396only the surface part being anisotropic C04B2111/00405Materials with a gradually increasing or decreasing concentration of ingredients or property from one layer to another C04B2111/00413Materials having an inhomogeneous concentration of ingredients or irregular properties in different layers C04B2111/00422Magnetic properties C04B2111/00431Refractory materials C04B2111/00439Physico-chemical properties of the materials not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 C04B2111/00448Low heat cements C04B2111/00456Odorless cements C04B2111/00465Heat conducting materials C04B2111/00474Uses not provided for elsewhere in C04B2111/00 C04B2111/00482Coating or impregnation materials C04B2111/00491Primers C04B2111/005for frescos C04B2111/00508Cement paints C04B2111/00517for masonry C04B2111/00525for metallic surfaces C04B2111/00534for plastic surfaces, e.g. polyurethane foams C04B2111/00543for wet surfaces C04B2111/00551Refractory coatings, e.g. for tamping C04B2111/0056for ship decks C04B2111/00568Multiple coating with same or similar material C04B2111/00577applied by spraying mixtures shapable by spraying C04B2111/00155 C04B2111/00586Roofing materials C04B2111/00594Concrete roof tiles C04B2111/00603Ceiling materials C04B2111/00612as one or more layers of a layered structure C04B2111/0062Gypsum-paper board like materials C04B2111/00629the covering sheets being made of material other than paper C04B2111/00637as glue or binder for uniting building or structural materials C04B2111/00646Masonry mortars C04B2111/00655Profiles C04B2111/00663as filling material for cavities or the like C04B2111/00672Pointing or jointing materials C04B2111/00681of the drying type C04B2111/00689of the setting type C04B2111/00698for cavity walls C04B2111/00706around pipelines or the like C04B2111/00715for fixing bolts or the like C04B2111/00724in mining operations, e.g. for backfilling; in making tunnels or galleries C04B2111/00732for soil stabilisation C04B2111/00741Preventing erosion C04B2111/0075for road construction C04B2111/00758for agri-, sylvi- or piscicultural or cattle-breeding applications C04B2111/00767for waste stabilisation purposes C04B2111/00775the composition being used as waste barriers or the like, e.g. compositions used for waste disposal purposes only, but not containing the waste itself C04B2111/00784for disposal only C04B2111/00793as filters or diaphragms C04B2111/00801Membranes; Diaphragms C04B2111/0081as catalysts or catalyst carriers C04B2111/00818Enzyme carriers C04B2111/00827Photocatalysts; materials containing photocatalysts to avoid staining by air pollutants C04B2111/2061 C04B2111/00836for medical or dental applications C04B2111/00844for electronic applications C04B2111/00853in electrochemical cells or batteries, e.g. fuel cells C04B2111/00862for nuclear applications, e.g. ray-absorbing concrete C04B2111/0087for metallurgical applications C04B2111/00879Non-ferrous metallurgy C04B2111/00887Ferrous metallurgy C04B2111/00896as prepregs C04B2111/00905as preforms C04B2111/00913as ceramic preforms for the fabrication of metal matrix comp, e.g. cermets C04B2111/00922Preforms as such C04B2111/00931Coated or infiltrated preforms, e.g. with molten metal C04B2111/00939for the fabrication of moulds or cores C04B2111/00948for the fabrication of containers C04B2111/00956for making sculptures or artistic casts C04B2111/00965for household applications, e.g. use of materials as cooking ware C04B2111/00974for pyrotechnic applications, e.g. blasting C04B2111/00982as construction elements for space vehicles or aeroplanes C04B2111/00991for testing C04B2111/10Compositions or ingredients thereof characterised by the absence or the very low content of a specific material C04B2111/1006Absence of well-defined organic compounds C04B2111/1012Organic solvents C04B2111/1018Gypsum free or very low gypsum content cement compositions C04B2111/1025Alkali-free or very low alkali-content materials C04B2111/1031Lime-free or very low lime-content materials C04B2111/1037Cement free compositions, e.g. hydraulically hardening mixtures based on waste materials, not containing cement as such C04B2111/1043Calciumaluminate-free refractories C04B2111/105Alumina-free or very low alumina-content materials C04B2111/1056Silica-free or very low silica-content materials C04B2111/1062Halogen free or very low halogen-content materials C04B2111/1068Halogens other than chlorine C04B2111/1075Chromium-free or very low chromium-content materials C04B2111/1081Chromium VI, e.g. for avoiding chromium eczema materials containing special additives for affording skin protection C04B2111/00025 C04B2111/1087Carbon free or very low carbon content fly ashes; Fly ashes treated to reduce their carbon content or the effect thereof C04B2111/1093Reducing the effect of the carbon content, without removing the carbon C04B2111/12Absence of mineral fibres, e.g. asbestos C04B2111/125Mineral fibres other than asbestos C04B2111/20Resistance against chemical, physical or biological attack C04B2111/2007Avoiding unauthorised or unwanted use or treatment C04B2111/2015Sulfate resistance C04B2111/2023Resistance against alkali-aggregate reaction C04B2111/203Oil-proof or grease-repellant materials C04B2111/2038Resistance against physical degradation C04B2111/2046Shock-absorbing materials C04B2111/2053Earthquake- or hurricane-resistant materials C04B2111/2061Materials containing photocatalysts, e.g. TiO₂, for avoiding staining by air pollutants or the like C04B2111/2069Self cleaning materials, e.g. using lotus effect using photocatalysts C04B2111/2061 C04B2111/2076Discolouring resistant materials self cleaning materials C04B2111/2069 C04B2111/2084Thermal shock resistance C04B2111/2092Resistance against biological degradation C04B2111/21Efflorescence resistance C04B2111/22Carbonation resistance C04B2111/23Acid resistance, e.g. against acid air or rain C04B2111/24Sea water resistance C04B2111/25Graffiti resistanceGraffiti removing C04B2111/26Corrosion of reinforcement resistance C04B2111/265Cathodic protection of reinforced concrete structures C04B2111/27Water resistance, i.e. waterproof or water-repellent materials C04B2111/275Making materials water insoluble C04B2111/28Fire resistance, i.e. materials resistant to accidental fires or high temperatures C04B2111/285Intumescent materials C04B2111/29Frost-thaw resistance C04B2111/30Nailable or sawable materials C04B2111/32Expansion-inhibited materials C04B2111/325the expansion being inhibited in one direction only C04B2111/34Non-shrinking or non-cracking materials C04B2111/343Crack resistant materials C04B2111/346Materials exhibiting reduced plastic shrinkage cracking C04B2111/40Porous or lightweight materials C04B2111/42Floating materials C04B2111/50Flexible or elastic materials"flexibility" means ability to bend without breaking; "elasticity" means property to resist and recover from deformation produced by a force. C04B2111/503Elastic materials C04B2111/506Bendable material C04B2111/52Sound-insulating materials C04B2111/54Substitutes for natural stone, artistic materials or the like C04B2111/542Artificial natural stone C04B2111/545Artificial marble C04B2111/547Imitating ancient compositions, e.g. mediaeval mortars; Compositions specially designed for restauration of ancient buildings or building elements C04B2111/56Compositions suited for fabrication of pipes, e.g. by centrifugal casting, or for coating concrete pipes C04B2111/60Flooring materials C04B2111/62Self-levelling compositions C04B2111/70Grouts, e.g. injection mixtures for cables for prestressed concrete C04B2111/72Repairing or restoring existing buildings or building materials C04B2111/723Repairing reinforced concrete C04B2111/726by chemical conversion of unwanted deposits, e.g. for the restauration of marble monuments C04B2111/74Underwater applications C04B2111/76Use at unusual temperatures, e.g. sub-zero C04B2111/763High temperatures C04B2111/766Low temperatures, but above zero C04B2111/80Optical properties, e.g. transparency or reflexibility C04B2111/802White cement C04B2111/805Transparent material C04B2111/807Luminescent or fluorescent materials C04B2111/82Coloured materials C04B2111/90Electrical properties C04B2111/905Anti-static materials C04B2111/92Electrically insulating materials C04B2111/94Electrically conducting materials C04B2201/00Mortars, concrete or artificial stone characterised by specific physical values Indexing codes C04B2201/05 - C04B2201/30 are only to be used when the specific physical values are claimed or when they deviate considerably from the average usual values. C04B2201/05Materials having an early high strength, e.g. allowing fast demoulding or formless casting C04B2201/10for the viscosity C04B2201/20for the density C04B2201/30for heat transfer properties such as thermal insulation values, e.g. R-values C04B2201/32for the thermal conductivity, e.g. K-factors C04B2201/40for gas flow through the material C04B2201/50for the mechanical strength C04B2201/52High compression strength concretes, i.e. with a compression strength higher than about 55 N/mm², e.g. reactive powder concrete [RPC] C04B2235/00Aspects relating to ceramic starting mixtures or sintered ceramic productsIn this group, magnesium is considered as an alkaline earth metal. C04B2235/02Composition of constituents of the starting material or of secondary phases of the final product Indexing codes C04B2235/02 - C04B2235/5481 are to be used only if the aspect is not trivial or not standard, e.g. if water is used as a mixing medium for a powder, whereas normally an organic mixing medium is used or if not the standard alpha-alumina is used to make an alumina ceramic but gamma-alumina in stead. C04B2235/30Constituents and secondary phases not being of a fibrous natureIndexing codes C04B2235/30 - C04B2235/549 are to be given to constituents or additives only if: it is not obvious from the end product as such that the constituent or additive has been used for making the end product.
Examples: in case spinel is made from a certain clay in stead of from alumina and silica, the clay is coded, when calcium zirconate and titania are used to make calcium zirconium titanate, a code should be given for the calcium zirconate constituent while normally calcium oxide or calcium carbonate and zirconia are used. The titania constituent of the starting mixture is not coded since it is to be expected that a single metal oxide is used to make a mixed metal oxide. it is not obvious from the "invention information" symbols that this constituent has been used to make the end product, e.g. if the "invention information" symbol given indicates that a zirconia-alumina composite is prepared it is common practice that zirconia and alumina constituents have been used and thus no codes for zirconia or alumina are given. In the same way, if an allocation indicates that an oxide ceramic contains carbon, no code for the addition of carbon is given. However for an alumina composite product comprising titania, the main symbol for composites based on alumina is given together with an indexing code for titania. In groups C04B2235/32 - C04B2235/349 oxides are considered to comprise also metal salts from which they are formed by heating. C04B2235/32Metal oxides, mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides In groups C04B2235/32 - C04B2235/349 metal salts are classified according to the oxides that are formed by heating the metal salts. C04B2235/3201Alkali metal oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3203Lithium oxide or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3205Alkaline earth oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. beryllium oxide C04B2235/3206Magnesium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3208Calcium oxide or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. lime C04B2235/321Dolomites, i.e. mixed calcium magnesium carbonates C04B2235/3212Calcium phosphates, e.g. hydroxyapatite C04B2235/3213Strontium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3215Barium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3217Aluminum oxide or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. bauxite, alpha-alumina C04B2235/3218Aluminium (oxy)hydroxides, e.g. boehmite, gibbsite, alumina sol C04B2235/322Transition aluminas, e.g. delta or gamma aluminas C04B2235/3222Aluminates other than alumino-silicates, e.g. spinel (MgAl₂O₄) C04B2235/3224Rare earth oxide or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. scandium oxide C04B2235/3225Yttrium oxide or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3227Lanthanum oxide or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3229Cerium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3231Refractory metal oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3232Titanium oxides or titanates, e.g. rutile or anatase C04B2235/3234Titanates, not containing zirconia C04B2235/3236Alkaline earth titanates C04B2235/3237Substoichiometric titanium oxides, e.g. Ti₂O₃ C04B2235/3239Vanadium oxides, vanadates or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. magnesium vanadate C04B2235/3241Chromium oxides, chromates, or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3243Chromates or chromites, e.g. aluminum chromate, lanthanum strontium chromite C04B2235/3244Zirconium oxides, zirconates, hafnium oxides, hafnates, or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3246Stabilised zirconias, e.g. YSZ or cerium stabilised zirconia C04B2235/3248Zirconates or hafnates, e.g. zircon C04B2235/3249containing also titanium oxide or titanates, e.g. lead zirconate titanate (PZT) C04B2235/3251Niobium oxides, niobates, tantalum oxides, tantalates, or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3253Substoichiometric niobium or tantalum oxides, e.g. NbO C04B2235/3255Niobates or tantalates, e.g. silver niobate C04B2235/3256Molybdenum oxides, molybdates or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. cadmium molybdate C04B2235/3258Tungsten oxides, tungstates, or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/326Tungstates, e.g. scheelite C04B2235/3262Manganese oxides, manganates, rhenium oxides or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. MnO C04B2235/3263Mn₃O₄ C04B2235/3265Mn₂O₃ C04B2235/3267MnO₂ C04B2235/3268Manganates, manganites, rhenates or rhenites, e.g. lithium manganite, barium manganate, rhenium oxide C04B2235/327Iron group oxides, their mixed metal oxides, or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3272Iron oxides or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. hematite, magnetite C04B2235/3274Ferrites C04B2235/3275Cobalt oxides, cobaltates or cobaltites or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. bismuth cobaltate, zinc cobaltite C04B2235/3277Co₃O₄ C04B2235/3279Nickel oxides, nickalates, or oxide-forming salts thereof C04B2235/3281Copper oxides, cuprates or oxide-forming salts thereof, e.g. CuO or Cu₂O C04B2235/3282Cuprates C04B2235/3284Zinc oxides, zincates, cadmium oxides, cadmiates, mercury oxides, mercurates or oxide forming salts thereof C04B2235/3286Gallium oxides, gallates, indium oxides, indates, thallium oxides, thallates or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. zinc gallate C04B2235/3287Germanium oxides, germanates or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. copper germanate C04B2235/3289Noble metal oxides C04B2235/3291Silver oxides C04B2235/3293Tin oxides, stannates or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. indium tin oxide [ITO] C04B2235/3294Antimony oxides, antimonates, antimonites or oxide forming salts thereof, indium antimonate C04B2235/3296Lead oxides, plumbates or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. silver plumbate C04B2235/3298Bismuth oxides, bismuthates or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. zinc bismuthate C04B2235/34Non-metal oxides, non-metal mixed oxides, or salts thereof that form the non-metal oxides upon heating, e.g. carbonates, nitrates, (oxy)hydroxides, chlorides C04B2235/3409Boron oxide, borates, boric acids, or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. borax C04B2235/3418Silicon oxide, silicic acids, or oxide forming salts thereof, e.g. silica sol, fused silica, silica fume, cristobalite, quartz or flint glass constituents C04B2235/36 C04B2235/3427Silicates other than clay, e.g. water glass C04B2235/3436Alkaline earth metal silicates, e.g. barium silicate C04B2235/3445Magnesium silicates, e.g. forsterite C04B2235/3454Calcium silicates, e.g. wollastonite C04B2235/3463Alumino-silicates other than clay, e.g. mullite C04B2235/3472Alkali metal alumino-silicates other than clay, e.g. spodumene, alkali feldspars such as albite or orthoclase, micas such as muscovite, zeolites such as natrolite C04B2235/3481Alkaline earth metal alumino-silicates other than clay, e.g. cordierite, beryl, micas such as margarite, plagioclase feldspars such as anorthite, zeolites such as chabazite C04B2235/349Clays, e.g. bentonites, smectites such as montmorillonite, vermiculites or kaolines, e.g. illite, talc or sepiolite C04B2235/36Glass starting materials for making ceramics, e.g. silica glass C04B2235/365Borosilicate glass C04B2235/38Non-oxide ceramic constituents or additives C04B2235/3804Borides C04B2235/3808Magnesium borides C04B2235/3813Refractory metal borides C04B2235/3817Carbides C04B2235/3821Boron carbides C04B2235/3826Silicon carbides C04B2235/383Alpha silicon carbide C04B2235/3834Beta silicon carbide C04B2235/3839Refractory metal carbides C04B2235/3843Titanium carbides C04B2235/3847Tungsten carbides C04B2235/3852Nitrides, e.g. oxynitrides, carbonitrides, oxycarbonitrides, lithium nitride, magnesium nitride C04B2235/3856Carbonitrides, e.g. titanium carbonitride, zirconium carbonitride When indexing in group C04B2235/3856 indexing according to the metal is also made in groups C04B2235/3865 - C04B2235/3886 C04B2235/386Boron nitrides C04B2235/3865Aluminium nitrides C04B2235/3869Aluminium oxynitrides, e.g. AlON, sialon C04B2235/3873Silicon nitrides, e.g. silicon carbonitride, silicon oxynitride C04B2235/3878Alpha silicon nitrides C04B2235/3882Beta silicon nitrides C04B2235/3886Refractory metal nitrides, e.g. vanadium nitride, tungsten nitride C04B2235/3891Silicides, e.g. molybdenum disilicide, iron silicide C04B2235/3895Non-oxides with a defined oxygen content, e.g. SiOC, TiON C04B2235/40Metallic constituents or additives not added as binding phase C04B2235/401Alkaline earth metals C04B2235/402Aluminium C04B2235/404Refractory metals C04B2235/405Iron group metals C04B2235/407Copper C04B2235/408Noble metals C04B2235/42Non metallic elements added as constituents or additives, e.g. sulfur, phosphor, selenium or tellurium C04B2235/421Boron C04B2235/422Carbon C04B2235/424Carbon black C04B2235/425Graphite C04B2235/427Diamond C04B2235/428Silicon C04B2235/44Metal salt constituents or additives chosen for the nature of the anions, e.g. hydrides or acetylacetonate C04B2235/441Alkoxides, e.g. methoxide, tert-butoxide C04B2235/442Carbonates C04B2235/443Nitrates or nitrites C04B2235/444Halide containing anions, e.g. bromide, iodate, chlorite C04B2235/445Fluoride containing anions, e.g. fluosilicate C04B2235/446Sulfides, tellurides or selenides C04B2235/447Phosphates or phosphites calcium phosphates C04B2235/3212, e.g. orthophosphate, hypophosphite C04B2235/448Sulphates or sulphites C04B2235/449Organic acids, e.g. EDTA, citrate, acetate, oxalate C04B2235/46Gases other than oxygen used as reactant, e.g. nitrogen used to make a nitride phase C04B2235/465Ammonia C04B2235/48Organic compounds becoming part of a ceramic after heat treatment, e.g. carbonising phenol resins C04B2235/483Si-containing organic compounds, e.g. silicone resins, (poly)silanes, (poly)siloxanes or (poly)silazanes C04B2235/486Boron containing organic compounds, e.g. borazine, borane or boranyl C04B2235/50Constituents or additives of the starting mixture chosen for their shape or used because of their shape or their physical appearance C04B2235/52Constituents or additives characterised by their shapes C04B2235/5204Monocrystalline powders C04B2235/5208Fibers C04B2235/5212Organic C04B2235/5216Inorganic C04B2235/522Oxidic C04B2235/5224Alumina or aluminates C04B2235/5228Silica and alumina, including aluminosilicates, e.g. mullite C04B2235/5232Silica or silicates other than aluminosilicates, e.g. quartz C04B2235/5236Zirconia C04B2235/524Non-oxidic, e.g. borides, carbides, silicides or nitrides C04B2235/5244Silicon carbide C04B2235/5248Carbon, e.g. graphite C04B2235/5252having a specific pre-form C04B2235/5256Two-dimensional, e.g. woven structures C04B2235/526characterised by the length of the fibers C04B2235/5264characterised by the diameter of the fibers C04B2235/5268Orientation of the fibers C04B2235/5272Fibers of the same material with different length or diameter C04B2235/5276Whiskers, spindles, needles or pins C04B2235/528Spheres C04B2235/5284Hollow fibers, e.g. nanotubes C04B2235/5288Carbon nanotubes C04B2235/5292Flakes, platelets or plates C04B2235/5296with a defined aspect ratio, e.g. indicating sphericity spherical constituents C04B2235/528 C04B2235/54Particle size related information C04B2235/5409expressed by specific surface values C04B2235/5418expressed by the size of the particles or aggregates thereof C04B2235/5427millimeter or submillimeter sized, i.e. larger than 0,1 mm C04B2235/5436micrometer sized, i.e. from 1 to 100 micron C04B2235/5445submicron sized, i.e. from 0,1 to 1 micron C04B2235/5454nanometer sized, i.e. below 100 nm C04B2235/5463Particle size distributions C04B2235/5472Bimodal, multi-modal or multi-fraction C04B2235/5481Monomodal C04B2235/549the particle size being expressed by crystallite size or primary particle size C04B2235/60Aspects relating to the preparation, properties or mechanical treatment of green bodies or pre-forms C04B2235/602Making the green bodies or pre-forms by moulding C04B2235/6021Extrusion moulding C04B2235/6022Injection moulding C04B2235/6023Gel casting C04B2235/6025Tape casting, e.g. with a doctor blade C04B2235/6026Computer aided shaping, e.g. rapid prototyping C04B2235/6027Slip casting C04B2235/6028Shaping around a core which is removed later C04B2235/604Pressing at temperatures other than sintering temperatures C04B2235/605Making or treating the green body or pre-form in a magnetic field C04B2235/606Drying C04B2235/608Green bodies or pre-forms with well-defined density C04B2235/61Mechanical properties, e.g. fracture toughness, hardness, Young's modulus or strength C04B2235/612Machining C04B2235/614Gas infiltration of green bodies or pre-forms C04B2235/616Liquid infiltration of green bodies or pre-forms C04B2235/65Aspects relating to heat treatments of ceramic bodies such as green ceramics or pre-sintered ceramics, e.g. burning, sintering or melting processes C04B2235/652Reduction treatment C04B2235/664 takes precedence C04B2235/656characterised by specific heating conditions during heat treatment C04B2235/6562Heating rate C04B2235/6565Cooling rate C04B2235/6567Treatment time C04B2235/658Atmosphere during thermal treatment C04B2235/6581Total pressure below 1 atmosphere, e.g. vacuum C04B2235/6582Hydrogen containing atmosphere C04B2235/6583Oxygen containing atmosphere, e.g. with changing oxygen pressures C04B2235/6584at an oxygen percentage below that of air C04B2235/6585at an oxygen percentage above that of air C04B2235/6586Processes characterised by the flow of gas C04B2235/6587Influencing the atmosphere by vaporising a solid material, e.g. by using a burying of sacrificial powder C04B2235/6588Water vapor containing atmospheres C04B2235/66Specific sintering techniques, e.g. centrifugal sintering C04B2235/661Multi-step sintering C04B2235/662Annealing after sintering C04B2235/663Oxidative annealing C04B2235/664Reductive annealing C04B2235/665Local sintering, e.g. laser sintering C04B2235/666Applying a current during sintering, e.g. plasma sintering [SPS], electrical resistance heating or pulse electric current sintering [PECS] C04B2235/667Sintering using wave energy, e.g. microwave sintering C04B2235/668Pressureless sintering C04B2235/70Aspects relating to sintered or melt-casted ceramic products C04B2235/72Products characterised by the absence or the low content of specific components, e.g. alkali metal free alumina ceramics C04B2235/721Carbon content C04B2235/722Nitrogen content C04B2235/723Oxygen content C04B2235/724Halogenide content C04B2235/725Metal content C04B2235/726Sulfur content C04B2235/727Phosphorus or phosphorus compound content C04B2235/728Silicon content C04B2235/74Physical characteristics C04B2235/75Products with a concentration gradient C04B2235/76Crystal structural characteristics, e.g. symmetry Codes C04B2235/76 - C04B2235/768 are to be used only if the crystal structure is not identified by the classification. C04B2235/761Unit-cell parameters, e.g. lattice constants C04B2235/762Cubic symmetry, e.g. beta-SiC C04B2235/763Spinel structure AB₂O₄ C04B2235/764Garnet structure A₃B₂(CO₄)₃ C04B2235/765Tetragonal symmetry C04B2235/766Trigonal symmetry, e.g. alpha-Si₃N₄ or alpha-Sialon C04B2235/767Hexagonal symmetry, e.g. beta-Si₃N₄, beta-Sialon, alpha-SiC or hexa-ferrites C04B2235/768Perovskite structure ABO₃ C04B2235/77Density C04B2235/775Products showing a density-gradient C04B2235/78Grain sizes and shapes, product microstructures, e.g. acicular grains, equiaxed grains, platelet-structures C04B2235/781Nanograined materials, i.e. having grain sizes below 100 nm C04B2235/782Grain size distributions C04B2235/783Bimodal, multi-modal or multi-fractional C04B2235/784Monomodal C04B2235/785Submicron sized grains, i.e. from 0,1 to 1 micron C04B2235/786Micrometer sized grains, i.e. from 1 to 100 micron C04B2235/787Oriented grains C04B2235/788Aspect ratio of the grains C04B2235/79Non-stoichiometric products, e.g. perovskites (ABO₃) with an A/B-ratio other than 1 C04B2235/80Phases present in the sintered or melt-cast ceramic products other than the main phaseIn this group the term "phases other than the main phase" refers to any phase that is not the main phase, i.e. the phase that is present in the largest amount Codes chosen from groups C04B2235/30 - C04B2235/5296 are used for identifying the phases other than the main phase C04B2235/81Materials characterised by the absence of phases other than the main phase, i.e. single phase materials C04B2235/83Ferrites containing Fe2+ C04B2235/85Intergranular or grain boundary phases C04B2235/87Grain boundary phases intentionally being absent C04B2235/94Products characterised by their shape C04B2235/945Products containing grooves, cuts, recesses or protusions C04B2235/95Products characterised by their size, e.g. microceramics C04B2235/96Properties of ceramic products, e.g. mechanical properties such as strength, toughness, wear resistance Codes C04B2235/96 - C04B2235/9692 are to be used only if the property is not identified already by an "invention information" symbol, e.g. by a symbol out of subclass H01L indicating that the ceramic is dielectric, piezoelectric or magnetic. C04B2235/9607Thermal properties, e.g. thermal expansion coefficient C04B2235/9615Linear firing shrinkage C04B2235/9623Ceramic setters properties C04B2235/963Surface properties, e.g. surface roughness C04B2235/9638ToleranceDimensional accuracy C04B2235/9646Optical properties C04B2235/9653Translucent or transparent ceramics other than alumina C04B2235/9661Colour C04B2235/9669Resistance against chemicals, e.g. against molten glass or molten salts C04B2235/9676against molten metals such as steel or aluminium C04B2235/9684Oxidation resistance C04B2235/9692Acid, alkali or halogen resistance C04B2237/00Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating C04B2237/02Aspects relating to interlayers, e.g. used to join ceramic articles with other articles by heating C04B2237/04Ceramic interlayers C04B2237/06Oxidic interlayers C04B2237/062based on silica or silicates C04B2237/064based on alumina or aluminates C04B2237/066based on rare earth oxides C04B2237/068based on refractory oxides, e.g. zirconia C04B2237/08Non-oxidic interlayers C04B2237/083Carbide interlayers, e.g. silicon carbide interlayers C04B2237/086Carbon interlayers C04B2237/09wherein the active component for bonding is not the largest fraction of the interlayer C04B2237/095The active component for bonding being silicon C04B2237/10Glass interlayers, e.g. frit or flux C04B2237/12Metallic interlayers C04B2237/121based on aluminium C04B2237/122based on refractory metals C04B2237/123based on iron group metals, e.g. steel C04B2237/124based on copper C04B2237/125based on noble metals, e.g. silver C04B2237/126wherein the active component for bonding is not the largest fraction of the interlayer C04B2237/127The active component for bonding being a refractory metal C04B2237/128The active component for bonding being silicon C04B2237/16Silicon interlayers C04B2237/30Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates C04B2237/32Ceramic C04B2237/34Oxidic C04B2237/341Silica or silicates C04B2237/343Alumina or aluminates C04B2237/345Refractory metal oxides C04B2237/346Titania or titanates C04B2237/348Zirconia, hafnia, zirconates or hafnates C04B2237/36Non-oxidic C04B2237/361Boron nitride C04B2237/363Carbon C04B2237/365Silicon carbide C04B2237/366Aluminium nitride C04B2237/368Silicon nitride C04B2237/38Fiber or whisker reinforced C04B2237/385Carbon or carbon composite C04B2237/40Metallic C04B2237/401Cermets C04B2237/402Aluminium C04B2237/403Refractory metals C04B2237/404Manganese or rhenium C04B2237/405Iron metal group, e.g. Co or Ni C04B2237/406Iron, e.g. steel C04B2237/407Copper C04B2237/408Noble metals, e.g. palladium, platina or silver C04B2237/50Processing aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to the joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating C04B2237/52Pre-treatment of the joining surfaces, e.g. cleaning, machining C04B2237/525by heating C04B2237/54Oxidising the surface before joining C04B2237/55Pre-treatments of a coated or not coated substrate other than oxidation treatment in order to form an active joining layer C04B2237/555on a substrate not containing an interlayer coating, leading to the formation of an interlayer coating C04B2237/56Using constraining layers before or during sintering C04B2237/561Constraining layers not covering the whole surface of the layers to be sintered, e.g. constraining layers with holes C04B2237/562made of alumina or aluminates C04B2237/564made of glass C04B2237/565made of refractory metal oxides, e.g. zirconia C04B2237/567made of metal C04B2237/568made of non-oxide ceramics C04B2237/58Forming a gradient in composition or in properties across the laminate or the joined articles C04B2237/582by joining layers or articles of the same composition but having different additives C04B2237/584the different additives being fibers or whiskers C04B2237/586by joining layers or articles of the same composition but having different densities C04B2237/588by joining layers or articles of the same composition but having different particle or grain sizes C04B2237/59Aspects relating to the structure of the interlayer C04B2237/592whereby the interlayer is not continuous, e.g. not the whole surface of the smallest substrate is covered by the interlayer C04B2237/595whereby the interlayer is continuous, but heterogeneous on macro-scale, e.g. one part of the interlayer being a joining material, another part being an electrode material C04B2237/597whereby the interlayer is continuous but porous, e.g. containing hollow or porous particles, macro- or micropores or cracks C04B2237/60Forming at the joining interface or in the joining layer specific reaction phases or zones, e.g. diffusion of reactive species from the interlayer to the substrate or from a substrate to the joining interface, carbide forming at the joining interface C04B2237/61Joining two substrates of which at least one is porous by infiltrating the porous substrate with a liquid, such as a molten metal, causing bonding of the two substrates, e.g. joining two porous carbon substrates by infiltrating with molten silicon C04B2237/62Forming laminates or joined articles comprising holes, channels or other types of openings C04B2237/64Forming laminates or joined articles comprising grooves or cuts C04B2237/66Forming laminates or joined articles showing high dimensional accuracy, e.g. indicated by the warpage C04B2237/68Forming laminates or joining articles wherein at least one substrate contains at least two different parts of macro-size, e.g. one ceramic substrate layer containing an embedded conductor or electrode C04B2237/70Forming laminates or joined articles comprising layers of a specific, unusual thickness C04B2237/702of one or more of the constraining layers C04B2237/704of one or more of the ceramic layers or articles C04B2237/706of one or more of the metallic layers or articles C04B2237/708of one or more of the interlayers C04B2237/72Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least two interlayers directly next to each other C04B2237/74Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least two different interlayers separated by a substrate C04B2237/76Forming laminates or joined articles comprising at least one member in the form other than a sheet or disc, e.g. two tubes or a tube and a sheet or disc C04B2237/765at least one member being a tube C04B2237/78Side-way connecting, e.g. connecting two plates through their sides C04B2237/80Joining the largest surface of one substrate with a smaller surface of the other substrate, e.g. butt joining or forming a T-joint C04B2237/82Two substrates not completely covering each other, e.g. two plates in a staggered position C04B2237/84Joining of a first substrate with a second substrate at least partially inside the first substrate, where the bonding area is at the inside of the first substrate, e.g. one tube inside another tube C04B2237/86Joining of two substrates at their largest surfaces, one surface being complete joined and covered, the other surface not, e.g. a small plate joined at it's largest surface on top of a larger plate C04B2237/88Joining of two substrates, where a substantial part of the joining material is present outside of the joint, leading to an outside joining of the joint C04B2290/00Organisational aspects of production methods, equipment or plants C04B2290/10Business methods aspects C04B2290/20Integrated combined plants or devices, e.g. combined foundry and concrete plant