C10LFUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR fuels for generating pressure gas, e.g. for rockets C06D5/00; candles C11C; nuclear fuel G21C3/00NATURAL GASSYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10KLIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GASADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVALFIRELIGHTERS In subclass C10L it is desirable to give indexing codes for information about components of solid, liquid and gaseous fuels or firelighters, their additives and constituents and their preparation and use. The indexing codes are taken from C10L2200/00 - C10L2290/60.In this subclass non-limiting references (in the sense of paragraph 39 of the Guide to the IPC) may still be displayed in the scheme. C10L1/00 C10L1/00Liquid carbonaceous fuelsIn groups C10L1/12 - C10L1/14, the last place priority rule is applied, i.e. at each hierarchical level, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, a compound is classified in the last appropriate place.
This Note corresponds to IPC Note (1) relating to C10L1/12 - C10L1/14. If an additive is a mixture of compounds, classification is made for each compound of interest. This Note corresponds to IPC Note (2) relating to C10L1/12 - C10L1/14. A metal salt or an ammonium salt of a compound is classified as that compound, e.g. a chromium sulfonate is classified as a sulfonate in group C10L1/24 and not in group C10L1/30.
This Note corresponds to IPC Note (3) relating to C10L1/12 - C10L1/14.When classifying in this group, it is desirable to classify the individual additional components using Combination Sets with symbols chosen from groups C10L1/12 - C10L1/308.Mixtures of additives are classified in the corresponding main group. Individual additives can be classified using Combination Sets according to the Note above.When several alternatives for the same individual additive are mentioned, e.g. as a Markush-formula, classification may be done in the corresponding main group only, the alternatives being classified using Combination Sets, according to the Note above.Documents classified until April 2003, have been classified with Combination Sets as explained in the Notes above, however using symbols chosen from groups C10L1/10 - C10L1/308. C10L1/003Marking, e.g. coloration by addition of pigments C10L1/006Making uninflammable or hardly inflammable C10L1/02essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only C10L1/023for spark ignition C10L1/026for compression ignition C10L1/04essentially based on blends of hydrocarbons C10L1/06for spark ignition C10L1/08for compression ignition C10L1/10containing additives C10L1/103stabilisation of anti-knock agents C10L1/106mixtures of inorganic compounds with organic macromolecular compounds C10L1/12Inorganic compounds C10L1/1208elements C10L1/1216metal compounds, e.g. hydrides, carbides C10L1/1225halogen containing compounds C10L1/1233oxygen containing compounds, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, acids and salts thereof C10L1/1241metal carbonyls C10L1/125water C10L1/1258hydrogen peroxide, oxygenated water C10L1/1266nitrogen containing compounds, (e.g. NH₃) C10L1/1275sulfur, tellurium, selenium containing compounds C10L1/1283phosphorus, arsenicum, antimonium containing compounds C10L1/1291Silicon and boron containing compounds C10L1/14Organic compounds C10L1/143mixtures of organic macromolecular compounds with organic non-macromolecular compounds C10L1/146Macromolecular compounds according to different macromolecular groups, mixtures thereof C10L1/16Hydrocarbons C10L1/1608Well defined compounds, e.g. hexane, benzene C10L1/1616fractions, e.g. lubricants, solvents, naphta, bitumen, tars, terpentine C10L1/1625macromolecular compounds C10L1/1633homo- or copolymers obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to carbon unsaturated bonds C10L1/1641from compounds containing aliphatic monomers C10L1/165from compounds containing aromatic monomers C10L1/1658from compounds containing conjugated dienes C10L1/1666from compounds containing non-conjugated dienes C10L1/1675natural rubbers C10L1/1683obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds C10L1/1691petroleum waxes, mineral waxes; paraffines; alkylation products; Friedel-Crafts condensation products; petroleum resins; modified waxes (oxidised) C10L1/18containing oxygen C10L1/1802natural products, e.g. waxes, extracts, fatty oils C10L1/1805oxidised hydrocarbon fractions C10L1/1808oxidised mineral waxes C10L1/1811peroxides; ozonides C10L1/1814Chelates C10L1/1817Compounds of uncertain formula; reaction products where mixtures of compounds are obtained C10L1/182containing hydroxy groupsSalts thereof C10L1/1802, C10L1/1805, C10L1/1808, C10L1/1811, C10L1/1814, C10L1/1817 take precedence C10L1/1822hydroxy group directly attached to (cyclo)aliphatic carbon atoms C10L1/1824mono-hydroxy C10L1/1826poly-hydroxy C10L1/1828Salts thereof C10L1/183at least one hydroxy group bound to an aromatic carbon atom C10L1/1802, C10L1/1805, C10L1/1808, C10L1/1811, C10L1/1814, C10L1/1817, C10L1/1828 take precedence C10L1/1832mono-hydroxy C10L1/1802, C10L1/1805, C10L1/1808, C10L1/1811, C10L1/1814, C10L1/1817, C10L1/1828 take precedence C10L1/1835having at least two hydroxy substituted non condensed benzene rings C10L1/1802, C10L1/1805, C10L1/1808, C10L1/1811, C10L1/1814, C10L1/1817, C10L1/1828 take precedence C10L1/1837hydroxy attached to a condensed aromatic ring system C10L1/1802, C10L1/1805, C10L1/1808, C10L1/1811, C10L1/1814, C10L1/1817, C10L1/1828 take precedence C10L1/185EthersAcetalsKetalsAldehydesKetones C10L1/1802, C10L1/1805, C10L1/1808, C10L1/1811, C10L1/1814, C10L1/1817 take precedence C10L1/1852Ethers; Acetals; Ketals; Orthoesters C10L1/1855Cyclic ethers, e.g. epoxides, lactides, lactones C10L1/1857Aldehydes; Ketones C10L1/188Carboxylic acids; metal salts thereof C10L1/1802, C10L1/1805, C10L1/1808, C10L1/1811, C10L1/1814, C10L1/1817 take precedence C10L1/1881carboxylic group attached to an aliphatic carbon atom C10L1/1883polycarboxylic acid C10L1/1885resin acid C10L1/1886naphthenic acid C10L1/1888tall oil C10L1/189having at least one carboxyl group bound to an aromatic carbon atom C10L1/1802, C10L1/1805, C10L1/1808, C10L1/1811, C10L1/1814, C10L1/1817, C10L1/1885, C10L1/1886, C10L1/1888 take precedence C10L1/1895polycarboxylic acid C10L1/1802, C10L1/1805, C10L1/1808, C10L1/1811, C10L1/1814, C10L1/1817, C10L1/1885, C10L1/1886, C10L1/1888 take precedence C10L1/19Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters C10L1/1802, C10L1/1805, C10L1/1808, C10L1/1811, C10L1/1814, C10L1/1817 take precedence C10L1/1905of di- or polycarboxylic acids C10L1/191of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols C10L1/1915complex esters (at least 3 ester bonds) C10L1/192Macromolecular compounds C10L1/1814, C10L1/1817 take precedence C10L1/195obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C10L1/1955homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an alcohol, ether, aldehyde, ketonic, ketal, acetal radical C10L1/196derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and a carboxyl group or salts, anhydrides or esters thereof homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals each having one carbon bond to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by a carboxyl radical or of salts, anhydrides or esters thereof C10L1/1963mono-carboxylic C10L1/1966poly-carboxylic C10L1/197derived from monomers containing a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond and an acyloxy group of a saturated carboxylic or carbonic acid C10L1/1973mono-carboxylic C10L1/1976poly-carboxylic C10L1/198obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds homo- or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon to carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an acyloxy radical of a saturated carboxylic acid, of carbonic acid C10L1/1981Condensation polymers of aldehydes or ketones C10L1/1983polyesters C10L1/1985polyethers, e.g. di- polygylcols and derivatives; ethers - esters C10L1/1986complex polyesters C10L1/1988epoxy resins and derivatives; natural resins, e.g. colophony C10L1/20containing halogen C10L1/201aliphatic bond C10L1/202aromatic bond C10L1/203hydroxyl compounds; ethers, acetals, ketals C10L1/204aldehydes and ketones C10L1/205carboxylic radical containing compounds or derivatives, e.g. salts, esters C10L1/206macromolecular compounds C10L1/207containing halogen with or without hydrogen C10L1/208containing halogen, oxygen, with or without hydrogen C10L1/209halogenated waxes or paraffines C10L1/22containing nitrogen C10L1/221compounds of uncertain formula; reaction products where mixtures of compounds are obtained C10L1/222containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen single bond C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/2222(cyclo)aliphatic amines; polyamines (no macromolecular substituent 30C); quaternair ammonium compounds; carbamates C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/2225hydroxy containing C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/2227urea; derivatives thereof; urethane C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/223having at least one amino group bound to an aromatic carbon atom C10L1/221, C10L1/2227 take precedence C10L1/2235hydroxy containing C10L1/221, C10L1/2227 take precedence C10L1/224AmidesImides carboxylic acid amides, imides C10L1/221, C10L1/2227 take precedence C10L1/226containing at least one nitrogen-to-nitrogen bond, e.g. azo compounds, azides, hydrazines C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/228containing at least one carbon-to-nitrogen double bond, e.g. guanidines, hydrazones, semicarbazones, iminescontaining at least one carbon-to-nitrogen triple bond, e.g. nitriles C10L1/221, C10L1/226 take precedence C10L1/2283containing one or more carbon to nitrogen double bonds, e.g. guanidine, hydrazone, semi-carbazone, azomethine C10L1/221, C10L1/226 take precedence C10L1/2286containing one or more carbon to nitrogen triple bonds, e.g. nitriles C10L1/221, C10L1/226 take precedence C10L1/23containing at least one nitrogen-to-oxygen bond, e.g. nitro-compounds, nitrates, nitrites C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/231nitro compounds; nitrates; nitrites C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/232containing nitrogen in a heterocyclic ring C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/233containing nitrogen and oxygen in the ring, e.g. oxazoles C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/2335morpholino, and derivatives thereof C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/234Macromolecular compounds C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/236obtained by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds derivatives thereof C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/2362homo- or copolymers derived from unsaturated compounds containing nitrile groups C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/2364homo- or copolymers derived from unsaturated compounds containing amide and/or imide groups C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/2366homo- or copolymers derived from unsaturated compounds containing amine groups C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/2368homo- or copolymers derived from unsaturated compounds containing heterocyclic compounds containing nitrogen in the ring C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/238obtained otherwise than by reactions involving only carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/2381polyamides; polyamide-esters; polyurethane, polyureas C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/2383Polyamines or polyimines, or derivatives thereof (poly)amines and imines; derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C) C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/2387Polyoxyalkyleneamines (poly)oxyalkylene amines and derivatives thereof (substituted by a macromolecular group containing 30C) C10L1/221 takes precedence C10L1/24containing sulfur, selenium and/or tellurium C10L1/2406mercaptans; hydrocarbon sulfides C10L1/2412sulfur bond to an aromatic radical C10L1/2418containing a carboxylic substituted; derivatives thereof, e.g. esters C10L1/2425Thiocarbonic acids and derivatives thereof, e.g. xanthates; Thiocarbamic acids or derivatives thereof, e.g. dithio-carbamates; Thiurams C10L1/2431sulfur bond to oxygen, e.g. sulfones, sulfoxides C10L1/2437Sulfonic acids; Derivatives thereof, e.g. sulfonamides, sulfosuccinic acid esters C10L1/2443heterocyclic compounds C10L1/245only sulfur as hetero atom C10L1/2456sulfur with oxygen and/or nitrogen in the ring, e.g. thiazoles C10L1/2462macromolecular compounds C10L1/2468obtained by reactions involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds; derivatives thereof C10L1/2475obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon to carbon bonds C10L1/2481polysulfides (3 carbon to sulfur bonds) C10L1/2487polyoxyalkylene thioethers (O + S 3=) C10L1/2493compounds of uncertain formula; reactions of organic compounds (hydrocarbons, acids, esters) with sulfur or sulfur containing compounds C10L1/26containing phosphorus C10L1/2608containing a phosphorus-carbon bond C10L1/2616sulfur containing C10L1/2625amine salts C10L1/2633phosphorus bond to oxygen (no P. C. bond) C10L1/2641oxygen bonds only C10L1/265oxygen and/or sulfur bonds C10L1/2658amine salts C10L1/2666macromolecular compounds C10L1/2675obtained by reactions involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds; derivatives thereof C10L1/2683obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon to carbon bonds C10L1/2691Compounds of uncertain formula; reaction of organic compounds (hydrocarbons acids, esters) with Px Sy, Px Sy Halz or sulfur and phosphorus containing compounds C10L1/28containing silicon C10L1/285macromolecular compounds C10L1/30compounds not mentioned before (complexes) C10L1/301derived from metals C10L1/303boron compounds C10L1/305organo-metallic compounds (containing a metal to carbon bond) C10L1/306organo Pb compounds C10L1/308organo tin compounds C10L1/32consisting of coal-oil suspensions or aqueous emulsions or oil emulsions C10L1/322Coal-oil suspensions C10L1/324Dispersions containing coal, oil and water C10L1/326Coal-water suspensions C10L1/328Oil emulsions containing water or any other hydrophilic phase C10L3/00Gaseous fuelsNatural gasSynthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by subclass C10G, C10KLiquefied petroleum gas C10L3/003Additives for gaseous fuels C10L3/006detectable by the senses C10L3/02Compositions containing acetylene C10L3/04Absorbing compositions, e.g. solvents C10L3/06Natural gasSynthetic natural gas obtained by processes not covered by C10G, C10K3/02 or C10K3/04 liquefying by pressure and cold treatment F25J C10L3/08Production of synthetic natural gas C10L3/10Working-up natural gas or synthetic natural gas C10L3/101Removal of contaminants C10L3/102of acid contaminants C10L3/103Sulfur containing contaminants C10L3/104Carbon dioxide C10L3/105of nitrogen C10L3/106of water C10L3/107Limiting or prohibiting hydrate formation C10L3/108Production of gas hydrates C10L3/12Liquefied petroleum gas liquefying by pressure and cold treatment F25J C10L5/00Solid fuels produced by solidifying fluid fuels C10L7/00 C10L5/02Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin peat briquettes C10F C10L5/04Raw material of mineral origin to be usedPretreatment thereof pretreatment of fuels of non-mineral origin C10L5/40 C10L5/06Methods of shaping, e.g. pelletizing or briquetting mechanical part of pressing briquettes B30B11/00 C10L5/08without the aid of extraneous binders briquetting peat C10F C10L5/10with the aid of binders, e.g. pretreated binders C10L5/105with a mixture of organic and inorganic binders C10L5/12with inorganic binders C10L5/14with organic binders C10L5/143with lignin-containing products C10L5/146with wax, e.g. paraffin wax C10L5/16with bituminous binders, e.g. tar, pitch C10L5/18with naphthalene C10L5/20with sulfite lye C10L5/22Methods of applying the binder to the other compounding ingredientsApparatus therefor C10L5/24Combating dust during shaping or briquettingSafety devices against explosion C10L5/26After-treatment of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes C10L5/28Heating the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettesCoking the binders C10L5/30Cooling the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes C10L5/32Coating C10L5/34Other details of the shaped fuels, e.g. briquettes C10L5/36Shape C10L5/361Briquettes C10L5/363Pellets or granulates C10L5/365Logs C10L5/366Powders C10L5/368Shaped fuels bundled or contained in a bag or other container C10L5/38Briquettes consisting of different layers C10L5/40essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin C10L5/403on paper and paper waste C10L5/406on plastic C10L5/42on animal substances or products obtained therefrom , e.g. manure C10L5/44on vegetable substances C10L5/442Wood or forestry waste C10L5/445Agricultural waste, e.g. corn crops, grass clippings, nut shells or oil pressing residues C10L5/447Carbonized vegetable substances, e.g. charcoal, or produced by hydrothermal carbonization of biomass C10L5/46on sewage, house, or town refuse C10L5/403, C10L5/406 take precedence C10L5/48on industrial residues and waste materials C10L5/403, C10L5/406 take precedence C10L7/00Fuels produced by solidifying fluid fuels C10L7/02liquid fuels lubricating compositions C10M C10L7/04alcohol C10L8/00Fuels not provided for in other groups of this subclass C10L9/00Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion C10L9/02by chemical means C10L9/04by hydrogenating C10L9/06by oxidation C10L9/08by heat treatments, e.g. calcining C10L9/083Torrefaction C10L9/086Hydrothermal carbonization C10L9/10by using additives C10L9/12Oxidation means, e.g. oxygen-generating compounds C10L10/00Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes additives for liquid carbonaceous fuels characterised by their chemical nature C10L1/10; using binders for briquetting solid fuels C10L5/10; using additives to improve the combustion of solid fuels C10L9/10 C10L10/02for reducing smoke development C10L10/04for minimising corrosion or incrustation C10L10/06for facilitating soot removal C10L10/08for improving lubricityfor reducing wear C10L10/10for improving the octane number C10L10/12for improving the cetane number C10L10/14for improving low temperature properties C10L10/16Pour-point depressants C10L10/18use of detergents or dispersants for purposes not provided for in groups C10L10/02 - C10L10/16 C10L11/00Manufacture of firelighters C10L11/02based on refractory porous bodies C10L11/04consisting of combustible material matches C06F C10L11/06of a special shape C10L11/08Apparatus therefor C10L2200/00 C10L2200/00Components of fuel compositionsAdditives in liquid fuels present in concentrations lower than 5% get a class taken from C10L1/10 -C10L1/308 and corresponding C10L1/10 -C10L1/308. In groups C10L1/32 - C10L11/08 is such distinction between the terms additive and component not made. C10L2200/02Inorganic or organic compounds containing atoms other than C, H or O, e.g. organic compounds containing heteroatoms or metal organic complexes C10L2200/0204Metals or alloys C10L2200/0209Group I metals: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, Cu, Ag, Au C10L2200/0213Group II metals: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra, Zn, Cd, Hg C10L2200/0218Group III metals: Sc, Y, Al, Ga, In, Tl C10L2200/0222Group IV metals: Ti, Zr, Hf, Ge, Sn, Pb C10L2200/0227Group V metals: V, Nb, Ta, As, Sb, Bi C10L2200/0231Group VI metals: Cr, Mo, W, Po C10L2200/0236Group VII metals: Mn, To, Re C10L2200/024Group VIII metals: Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt C10L2200/0245Lanthanide group metals: La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu C10L2200/025Halogen containing compounds C10L2200/0254Oxygen containing compounds C10L2200/0259Nitrogen containing compounds C10L2200/0263Sulphur containing compounds C10L2200/0268Phosphor containing compounds C10L2200/0272Silicon containing compounds C10L2200/0277Hydrogen C10L2200/0281Carbon monoxide C10L2200/0286Carbon dioxide C10L2200/029Salts, such as carbonates, oxides, hydroxides, percompounds, e.g. peroxides, perborates, nitrates, nitrites, sulfates, and silicates C10L2200/0295Water C10L2200/04Organic compounds C10L2200/0407Specifically defined hydrocarbon fractions as obtained from, e.g. a distillation column C10L2200/0415Light distillates, e.g. LPG, naphtha C10L2200/0423Gasoline C10L2200/043Kerosene, jet fuel C10L2200/0438Middle or heavy distillates, heating oil, gasoil, marine fuels, residua C10L2200/0446Diesel C10L2200/0453Petroleum or natural waxes, e.g. paraffin waxes, asphaltenes C10L2200/0461Fractions defined by their origin C10L2200/0469Renewables or materials of biological origin C10L2200/0476Biodiesel, i.e. defined lower alkyl esters of fatty acids first generation biodiesel C10L2200/0484Vegetable or animal oils C10L2200/0492Fischer-Tropsch products C10L2230/00Function and purpose of a components of a fuel or the composition as a whole C10L2230/02Absorbents, e.g. in the absence of an actual absorbent column or scavenger C10L2230/04Catalyst added to fuel stream to improve a reaction C10L2230/06Firelighters or wicks, as additive to a solid fuel C10L2230/08Inhibitors C10L2230/081Anti-oxidants C10L2230/082for anti-foaming C10L2230/083Disinfectants, biocides, anti-microbials C10L2230/085Metal deactivators C10L2230/086Demulsifiers C10L2230/087for inhibiting misting C10L2230/088for inhibiting or avoiding odor C10L2230/10for adding an odor to the fuel or combustion products C10L2230/12for producing sound, e.g. during burning an artificial fire log to mimic sound of real wood C10L2230/14for improving storage or transport of the fuel C10L2230/16Tracers which serve to track or identify the fuel component or fuel composition C10L2230/18for rendering the fuel or flame visible or for adding or altering its color C10L2230/20for improving conductivity C10L2230/22for improving fuel economy or fuel efficiency C10L2250/00Structural features of fuel components or fuel compositions, either in solid, liquid or gaseous state C10L2250/02Microbial additives C10L2250/04Additive or component is a polymer C10L2250/06Particle, bubble or droplet size C10L2250/08Emulsion details C10L2250/082Oil in water (o/w) emulsion C10L2250/084Water in oil (w/o) emulsion C10L2250/086Microemulsion or nanoemulsion C10L2250/088Complex emulsions, e.g. water in oil in water (w/o/w) or oil in water in oil (o/w/o), bicontinuous emulsion, e.g. wherein both phases are continuous or multiple emulsions C10L2270/00Specifically adapted fuels C10L2270/02for internal combustion engines C10L2270/023for gasoline engines C10L2270/026for diesel engines, e.g. automobiles, stationary, marine C10L2270/04for turbines, planes, power generation C10L2270/06for fuel cells C10L2270/08for small applications, such as tools, lamp oil, welding C10L2270/10for transport, e.g. in pipelines as a gas hydrate slurry C10L2290/00Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units C10L2290/02Combustion or pyrolysis C10L2290/04Gasification C10L2290/06Heat exchange, direct or indirect C10L2290/08Drying or removing water C10L2290/10Recycling of a stream within the process or apparatus to reuse elsewhere therein C10L2290/12Regeneration of a solvent, catalyst, adsorbent or any other component used to treat or prepare a fuel C10L2290/14Injection, e.g. in a reactor or a fuel stream during fuel production C10L2290/141of additive or catalyst C10L2290/143of fuel C10L2290/145of air C10L2290/146of water C10L2290/148of steam C10L2290/18Spraying or sprinkling C10L2290/20Coating of a fuel as a whole or of a fuel component C10L2290/22Impregnation or immersion of a fuel component or a fuel as a whole C10L2290/24Mixing, stirring of fuel components C10L2290/26Composting, fermenting or anaerobic digestion fuel components or materials from which fuels are prepared C10L2290/28Cutting, disintegrating, shredding or grinding C10L2290/30Pressing, compressing or compacting C10L2290/32Molding or moulds C10L2290/34Applying ultrasonic energy C10L2290/36Applying radiation such as microwave, IR, UV C10L2290/38Applying an electric field or inclusion of electrodes in the apparatus C10L2290/40Applying a magnetic field or inclusion of magnets in the apparatus C10L2290/42Fischer-Tropsch steps C10L2290/44Deacidification step, e.g. in coal enhancing C10L2290/46Compressors or pumps C10L2290/48Expanders, e.g. throttles or flash tanks C10L2290/50Screws or pistons for moving along solids C10L2290/52Hoppers C10L2290/54Specific separation steps for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel C10L2290/541Absorption of impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel C10L2290/542Adsorption of impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel C10L2290/543Distillation, fractionation or rectification for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel C10L2290/544Extraction for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel C10L2290/545Washing, scrubbing, stripping, scavenging for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel C10L2290/546Sieving for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel C10L2290/547Filtration for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel C10L2290/548Membrane- or permeation-treatment for separating fractions, components or impurities during preparation or upgrading of a fuel C10L2290/56Specific details of the apparatus for preparation or upgrading of a fuel C10L2290/562Modular or modular elements containing apparatus C10L2290/565Apparatus size C10L2290/567Mobile or displaceable apparatus C10L2290/58Control or regulation of the fuel preparation of upgrading process C10L2290/60Measuring or analysing fractions, components or impurities or process conditions during preparation or upgrading of a fuel C10L2300/00Mixture of two or more additives covered by the same group of C10L1/00 - C10L1/308 After the code and separated therefrom by a + sign, the codes C10L2300/20 - C10L2300/40 are added according to the number of components in the mixture. Example: C10L1/16A + C10L2300/20 corresponds to a mixture of two well defined hydrocarbons, e.g. mixture of hexane and benzene C10L2300/20Mixture of two components C10L2300/30Mixture of three components C10L2300/40Mixture of four or more components