F25BREFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMSCOMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMSHEAT PUMP SYSTEMS F25B1/00Compression machines, plants or systems F25B1/00Compression machines, plants or systems with non-reversible cycle F25B3/00, F25B5/00, F25B6/00, F25B7/00, F25B9/00 take precedence F25B1/005of the single unit type F25B1/10 takes precedence F25B1/02with compressor of reciprocating-piston type F25B1/005, F25B1/10 take precedence F25B1/04with compressor of rotary type F25B1/005, F25B1/10 take precedence F25B1/047of screw type F25B1/053of turbine type F25B1/06with compressor of jet type, e.g. using liquid under pressure F25B1/005, F25B1/10 take precedence F25B1/08using vapour under pressure F25B1/10with multi-stage compression with cascade operation F25B7/00 F25B3/00Self-contained rotary compression machines, i.e. with compressor, condenser and evaporator rotating as a single unit F25B5/00Compression machines, plants or systems, with several evaporator circuits, e.g. for varying refrigerating capacity with cascade operation F25B7/00 F25B5/02arranged in parallel F25B5/04arranged in series F25B6/00Compression machines, plants or systems, with several condenser circuits F25B6/02arranged in parallel F25B6/04arranged in series F25B7/00Compression machines, plants or systems, with cascade operation, i.e. with two or more circuits, the heat from the condenser of one circuit being absorbed by the evaporator of the next circuit F25B9/00 takes precedence F25B9/00Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point F25B9/002characterised by the refrigerant F25B9/004the refrigerant being air F25B9/006the refrigerant containing more than one component F25B9/004 takes precedence F25B9/008the refrigerant being carbon dioxide F25B9/02using Joule-Thompson effectusing vortex effect F25B9/04using vortex effect F25B9/06using expanders F25B9/10 takes precedence F25B9/065using pressurised gas jets F25B9/08using ejectors F25B9/10 takes precedence F25B9/10with several cooling stages F25B9/12using ³He-⁴He dilution F25B9/14characterised by the cycle used, e.g. Stirling cycle F25B9/145pulse-tube cycle F25B11/00Compression machines, plants or systems, using turbines, e.g. gas turbines F25B11/02as expanders F25B9/06 takes precedence F25B11/04centrifugal type F25B13/00Compression machines, plants or systems, with reversible cycle defrosting cycles F25B47/02 F25B15/00Sorption machines, plants or systems F25B15/00Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating continuously, e.g. absorption type F25B15/002using the endothermic solution of salt F25B15/004of rotary type F25B15/006with cascade operation F25B15/008with multi-stage operation F25B15/006 takes precedence F25B15/02without inert gas F25B15/004, F25B15/006, F25B15/008, F25B15/12, F25B15/14, F25B15/16 take precedence F25B15/025Liquid transfer means F25B15/04the refrigerant being ammonia evaporated from aqueous solution F25B15/025 takes precedence F25B15/06the refrigerant being water vapour evaporated from a salt solution, e.g. lithium bromide F25B15/025 takes precedence F25B15/08the refrigerant being sulfuric acid F25B15/025 takes precedence F25B15/09the refrigerant being hydrogen desorbed from a hydride F25B15/025 takes precedence F25B15/10with inert gas F25B15/004, F25B15/006, F25B15/008, F25B15/12, F25B15/14, F25B15/16 take precedence F25B15/12with resorber F25B15/004, F25B15/006, F25B15/008, F25B15/14 take precedence F25B15/14using osmosis F25B15/004, F25B15/006, F25B15/008 take precedence F25B15/16using desorption cycle F25B15/004, F25B15/006, F25B15/008 take precedence F25B17/00Sorption machines, plants or systems, operating intermittently, e.g. absorption or adsorption type F25B17/02the absorbent or adsorbent being a liquid, e.g. brine F25B17/10 takes precedence F25B17/04with two or more boilers operating alternately F25B17/06with the boiler and evaporator built-up as a unit in a tiltable or revolving arrangement F25B17/08the absorbent or adsorbent being a solid, e.g. salt F25B17/12 takes precedence F25B17/083with two or more boiler-sorbers operating alternately F25B17/086with two or more boiler-sorber/evaporator units F25B17/10using the endothermic solution of salt F25B17/12using desorption of hydrogen from a hydride F25B19/00Machines, plants or systems, with a single mode of operation, not covered by groups F25B1/00 - F25B17/00 F25B19/00Machines, plants or systems, using evaporation of a refrigerant but without recovery of the vapour F25B19/005the refrigerant being a liquefied gas F25B19/02using fluid jet, e.g. of steam F25B19/005 takes precedence F25B19/04using liquid jet, e.g. of water F25B21/00Machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects F25B21/02using Peltier effectusing Nernst-Ettinghausen effect F25B21/04reversible F25B23/00Machines, plants or systems, with a single mode of operation not covered by groups F25B1/00 - F25B21/00, e.g. using selective radiation effect F25B23/003using selective radiation effect F25B23/006boiling cooling systems F25B25/00 F25B25/00Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00 F25B25/005using primary and secondary systems F25B25/02Compression-sorption machines, plants, or systems F25B27/00Machines, plants or systems, using particular sources of energy F25B30/06 takes precedence F25B27/002using solar energy F25B27/005in compression type systems F25B27/007in sorption type systems F25B27/02using waste heat, e.g. from internal-combustion engines F25B29/00Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously F25B29/003of the compression type system F25B29/006of the sorption type system F25B30/00Heat pumps F25B1/00-F25B25/00, F25B29/00 take precedence F25B30/02of the compression type F25B30/04of the sorption type F25B30/06characterised by the source of low potential heat F25B31/00Component parts or details F25B31/00Compressor arrangements F25B31/002Lubrication F25B31/004oil recirculating arrangements F25B31/006Cooling of compressor or motor F25B31/008by injecting a liquid F25B31/02of motor-compressor units F25B31/023with compressor of reciprocating-piston type F25B31/026with compressor of rotary type F25B33/00BoilersAnalysersRectifiers boiler-absorbers F25B35/00 F25B35/00Boiler-absorbers, i.e. boilers usable for absorption or adsorption F25B35/02using a liquid as sorbent, e.g. brine F25B35/04using a solid as sorbent F25B37/00AbsorbersAdsorbers boiler-absorbers F25B35/00 F25B39/00EvaporatorsCondensers F25B39/02Evaporators F25B39/022with plate-like or laminated elements F25B39/024with elements constructed in the shape of a hollow panel F25B39/026specially adapted for sorption type systems F25B39/028having distributing means F25B39/04Condensers F25B40/00Subcoolers, desuperheaters or superheaters F25B40/02Subcoolers F25B40/04Desuperheaters F25B40/06Superheaters F25B41/00Fluid-circulation arrangements F25B41/006optical fluid control arrangements F25B41/10using electro-osmosis F25B41/20Disposition of valves, e.g. of on-off valves or flow control valves expansion valves F25B41/31 F25B41/22between evaporator and compressor F25B41/24Arrangement of shut-off valves for disconnecting a part of the refrigerant cycle, e.g. an outdoor part F25B41/26of fluid flow reversing valves F25B41/28specially adapted for sorption cycles F25B41/30Expansion meansDispositions thereof F25B41/31Expansion valves F25B41/315actuated by floats F25B41/32having flow rate limiting means other than the valve member, e.g. having bypass orifices in the valve body F25B41/325having two or more valve members F25B41/33with the valve member being actuated by the fluid pressure, e.g. by the pressure of the refrigerant F25B41/335via diaphragms F25B41/34with the valve member being actuated by electric means, e.g. by piezo-electric actuators F25B41/345by solenoids F25B41/347with the valve member being opened and closed cyclically, e.g. with pulse width modulation F25B41/35by rotary motors, e.g. by stepping motors F25B41/355by electric heating of bimetal elements, shape memory elements or heat expanding elements F25B41/36with the valve member being actuated by bimetal elements or shape-memory elements influenced by fluids, e.g. by the refrigerant F25B41/37Capillary tubes F25B41/375characterised by a variable restriction, e.g. restrictors made of shape memory alloy F25B41/38specially adapted for reversible cycles, e.g. bidirectional expansion restrictors F25B41/385Dispositions with two or more expansion means arranged in parallel on a refrigerant line leading to the same evaporator F25B41/39Dispositions with two or more expansion means arranged in series, i.e. multi-stage expansion, on a refrigerant line leading to the same evaporator F25B41/40Fluid line arrangements F25B41/42Arrangements for diverging or converging flows, e.g. branch lines or junctions F25B41/45for flow control on the upstream side of the diverging point, e.g. with spiral structure for generating turbulence F25B41/48for flow path resistance control on the downstream side of the diverging point, e.g. by an orifice F25B43/00Arrangements for separating or purifying gases or liquids in analysers or rectifiers F25B33/00Arrangements for vaporising the residuum of liquid refrigerant, e.g. by heat F25B40/00 takes precedence F25B43/003Filters F25B43/006Accumulators F25B43/02for separating lubricants from the refrigerant F25B43/04for withdrawing non-condensible gases F25B43/043for compression type systems F25B43/046for sorption type systems F25B45/00Arrangements for charging or discharging refrigerant F25B47/00Arrangements for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion, not provided for in another subclass F25B47/003for preventing corrosion F25B47/006for preventing frost F25B47/02Defrosting cycles F25B47/022hot gas defrosting F25B47/025by reversing the cycle F25B47/027for defrosting sorption type systems F25B49/00Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices F25B49/005of safety devices F25B49/02 and F25B49/04 take precedence F25B49/02for compression type machines, plants or systems F25B49/022Compressor control arrangements F25B49/025Motor control arrangements F25B49/027Condenser control arrangements F25B49/04for sorption type machines, plants or systems F25B49/043Operating continuously F25B49/046Operating intermittently F25B2300/00Indexing scheme associated with groups F25B1/00 - F25B49/00, relating to arrangements, features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems as well as solved problems, control issues and sensing of parameters therefore F25B2300/00Special arrangements or features for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems F25B2309/00Gas cycle refrigeration machines F25B2309/001with a linear configuration or a linear motor F25B2309/002with parallel working cold producing expansion devices in one circuit F25B2309/003characterised by construction or composition of the regenerator F25B2309/004using a compressor of the rotary type F25B2309/005using an expander of the rotary type F25B2309/006using a distributing valve of the rotary type F25B2309/02using the Joule-Thompson effect F25B2309/021with a cryosurgical probe tip having a specific construction F25B2309/022characterised by the expansion element F25B2309/023with two stage expansion F25B2309/06Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide F25B2309/061with cycle highest pressure above the supercritical pressure F25B2309/14Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the cycle used  F25B2309/1401Ericsson or Ericcson cycles F25B2309/1402Pulse-tube cycles with acoustic driver F25B2309/1403Pulse-tube cycles with heat input into acoustic driver F25B2309/1404Pulse-tube cycles with loudspeaker driven acoustic driver F25B2309/1405Pulse-tube cycles with travelling waves F25B2309/1406Pulse-tube cycles with pulse tube in co-axial or concentric geometrical arrangements F25B2309/1407Pulse-tube cycles with pulse tube having in-line geometrical arrangements F25B2309/1408Pulse-tube cycles with pulse tube having U-turn or L-turn type geometrical arrangements F25B2309/1409Pulse-tube cycles with pulse tube having special type of geometrical arrangements not being a coaxial, in-line or U-turn type F25B2309/1411Pulse-tube cycles characterised by control details, e.g. tuning, phase shifting or general control F25B2309/1412Pulse-tube cycles characterised by heat exchanger details F25B2309/1413Pulse-tube cycles characterised by performance, geometry or theory F25B2309/1414Pulse-tube cycles characterised by pulse tube details F25B2309/1415Pulse-tube cycles characterised by regenerator details F25B2309/1416Pulse-tube cycles characterised by regenerator stack details F25B2309/1417Pulse-tube cycles without any valves in gas supply and return lines F25B2309/1418Pulse-tube cycles with valves in gas supply and return lines F25B2309/14181the valves being of the rotary type F25B2309/1419Pulse-tube cycles with pulse tube having a basic pulse tube refrigerator [PTR], i.e. comprising a tube with basic schematic F25B2309/1421Pulse-tube cycles characterised by details not otherwise provided for F25B2309/1422Pulse tubes with basic schematic including a counter flow heat exchanger instead of a regenerative heat exchanger F25B2309/1423Pulse tubes with basic schematic including an inertance tube F25B2309/1424Pulse tubes with basic schematic including an orifice and a reservoir F25B2309/14241Pulse tubes with basic schematic including an orifice reservoir multiple inlet pulse tube F25B2309/1425Pulse tubes with basic schematic including several pulse tubes F25B2309/1426Pulse tubes with basic schematic including at the pulse tube warm end a so called warm end expander F25B2309/1427Control of a pulse tube F25B2309/1428Control of a Stirling refrigeration machine F25B2313/00Compression machines, plants or systems with reversible cycle not otherwise provided for F25B2313/001with two or more accumulators F25B2313/002geothermal F25B2313/003Indoor unit with water as a heat sink or heat source F25B2313/004Outdoor unit with water as a heat sink or heat source F25B2313/005Outdoor unit expansion valves F25B2313/006two pipes connecting the outdoor side to the indoor side with multiple indoor units F25B2313/007three pipes connecting the outdoor side to the indoor side with multiple indoor units F25B2313/008Refrigerant heaters F25B2313/009indoor unit in circulation with outdoor unit in first operation mode, indoor unit in circulation with an other heat exchanger in second operation mode or outdoor unit in circulation with an other heat exchanger in third operation mode F25B2313/021Indoor unit or outdoor unit with auxiliary heat exchanger not forming part of the indoor or outdoor unit F25B2313/0211the auxiliary heat exchanger being only used during defrosting F25B2313/0212the auxiliary heat exchanger being only used during dehumidifying F25B2313/0213the auxiliary heat exchanger being only used during heating F25B2313/0214the auxiliary heat exchanger being used parallel to the indoor unit during heating operation F25B2313/0215the auxiliary heat exchanger being used parallel to the outdoor heat exchanger during heating operation F25B2313/023using multiple indoor units F25B2313/0231with simultaneous cooling and heating F25B2313/0232with bypasses F25B2313/02321during cooling F25B2313/02322during defrosting F25B2313/02323during heating F25B2313/0233in parallel arrangements F25B2313/02331during cooling F25B2313/02332during defrosting F25B2313/02333during dehumidification F25B2313/02334during heating F25B2313/0234in series arrangements F25B2313/02341during cooling F25B2313/02342during defrosting F25B2313/02343during dehumidification F25B2313/02344during heating F25B2313/025using multiple outdoor units F25B2313/0251being defrosted alternately F25B2313/0252with bypasses F25B2313/02521during cooling F25B2313/02522during defrosting F25B2313/02523during heating F25B2313/0253in parallel arrangements F25B2313/02531during cooling F25B2313/02532during defrosting F25B2313/02533during heating F25B2313/0254in series arrangements F25B2313/02541during cooling F25B2313/02542during defrosting F25B2313/02543during heating F25B2313/027characterised by the reversing means F25B2313/0271the compressor allows rotation in reverse direction F25B2313/0272using bridge circuits of one-way valves F25B2313/02731using one three-way valve F25B2313/02732using two three-way valves F25B2313/02741using one four-way valve F25B2313/02742using two four-way valves F25B2313/02743using three four-way valves F25B2313/0276using six-way valves F25B2313/0279using nine-way valves F25B2313/02791using shut-off valves F25B2313/02792using reversing valve changing the refrigerant flow direction due to pressure differences of the refrigerant and not by external actuation F25B2313/029Control issues F25B2313/0291related to the pressure of the indoor unit F25B2313/0292related to reversing valves F25B2313/0293related to the indoor fan, e.g. controlling speed F25B2313/0294related to the outdoor fan, e.g. controlling speed F25B2313/031Sensor arrangements F25B2313/0311Pressure sensors near the expansion valve F25B2313/0312Pressure sensors near the indoor heat exchanger F25B2313/0313Pressure sensors near the outdoor heat exchanger F25B2313/0314Temperature sensors near the indoor heat exchanger F25B2313/0315Temperature sensors near the outdoor heat exchanger F25B2313/0316Temperature sensors near the refrigerant heater F25B2315/00Sorption refrigeration cycles or details thereof F25B2315/001Crystallization prevention F25B2315/002Generator absorber heat exchanger [GAX] F25B2315/003Hydrates for sorption cycles F25B2315/004Inert heat-exchangers F25B2315/005Regeneration F25B2315/006Reversible sorption cycles F25B2315/007Parallel systems therefor F25B2321/00Details of machines, plants or systems, using electric or magnetic effects F25B2321/001by using electro-caloric effects F25B2321/002by using magneto-caloric effects F25B2321/0021with a static fixed magnet F25B2321/0022with a rotating or otherwise moving magnet F25B2321/0023with modulation, influencing or enhancing an existing magnetic field F25B2321/003by using thermionic electron cooling effects F25B2321/02using Peltier effectsusing Nernst-Ettinghausen effects F25B2321/021Control thereof F25B2321/0211of fans F25B2321/0212of electric power, current or voltage F25B2321/023Mounting details thereof F25B2321/025Removal of heat F25B2321/0251by a gas F25B2321/0252by liquids or two-phase fluids F25B2327/00Refrigeration system using an engine for driving a compressor F25B2327/001of the internal combustion type F25B2333/00Details of boilersAnalysersRectifiers F25B2333/001the generator or boiler having an analyser F25B2333/002the generator or boiler is heated electrically F25B2333/003the generator or boiler is heated by combustion gas F25B2333/004the generator or boiler uses an inert gas as pressure equalizing medium F25B2333/005the generator or boiler uses electromagnetic energy in the form of microwaves for desorbing the sorbate from the sorbate/sorbent compound F25B2333/0051the energy is used for heating an auxiliary medium which is used as heating source for desorbing the sorbate from the sorbate/sorbent compound F25B2333/006the generator or boiler having a rectifier F25B2333/007the generator or boiler heated by heat exchangers with steam or hot water as heating fluid or by a secondary boiling-condensing heater F25B2339/00Details of evaporatorsDetails of condensers F25B2339/02Details of evaporators F25B2339/021Evaporators in which refrigerant is sprayed on a surface to be cooled F25B2339/022Evaporators constructed from a pair of plates forming a space in which is located a refrigerant carrying coil F25B2339/023Evaporators consisting of one or several sheets on one face of which is fixed a refrigerant carrying coil F25B2339/024Evaporators with refrigerant in a vessel in which is situated a heat exchanger F25B2339/0241having plate-like elements F25B2339/0242having tubular elements F25B2339/04Details of condensers F25B2339/041of evaporative condensers F25B2339/042of pcm condensers F25B2339/043Condensers made by assembling plate-like or laminated elements F25B2339/044Condensers with an integrated receiver F25B2339/0441containing a drier or a filter F25B2339/0442characterised by the mechanical fixation of the receiver to the header F25B2339/0443the receiver being positioned horizontally F25B2339/0444where the flow of refrigerant through the condenser receiver is split into two or more flows, each flow following a different path through the condenser receiver F25B2339/0445with throttle portions F25B2339/0446characterised by the refrigerant tubes connecting the header of the condenser to the receiverInlet or outlet connections to receiver F25B2339/045Condensers made by assembling a tube on a plate-like element or between plate-like elements F25B2339/046Condensers with refrigerant heat exchange tubes positioned inside or around a vessel containing water or pcm to cool the refrigerant gas F25B2339/047Water-cooled condensers F25B2341/00Details of ejectors not being used as compression deviceDetails of flow restrictors or expansion valves F25B2341/001Ejectors not being used as compression device F25B2341/0011Ejectors with the cooled primary flow at reduced or low pressure F25B2341/0012Ejectors with the cooled primary flow at high pressure F25B2341/0013Ejector control arrangements F25B2341/0014Ejectors with a high pressure hot primary flow from a compressor discharge F25B2341/0015using two or more ejectors F25B2341/0016Ejectors for creating an oil recirculation F25B2341/06Details of flow restrictors or expansion valves F25B2341/062Capillary expansion valves F25B2341/063Feed forward expansion valves F25B2341/064Superheater expansion valves F25B2341/067Expansion valves having a pilot valve F25B2341/068Expansion valves combined with a sensor F25B2341/0681the sensor is heated F25B2341/0682the sensor contains sorbent materials F25B2341/0683the sensor is disposed in the suction line and influenced by the temperature or the pressure of the suction gas F25B2345/00Details for charging or discharging refrigerantsService stations therefor F25B2345/001Charging refrigerant to a cycle F25B2345/002Collecting refrigerant from a cycle F25B2345/003Control issues for charging or collecting refrigerant to or from a cycle F25B2345/004with several tanks to collect or charge a cycle F25B2345/005Service stations therefor F25B2345/0051having a carrying handle F25B2345/0052having wheels F25B2345/006characterised by charging or discharging valves F25B2345/007characterised by the weighing of refrigerant or oil F25B2347/00Details for preventing or removing deposits or corrosion F25B2347/02Details of defrosting cycles F25B2347/021Alternate defrosting F25B2347/022Cool gas defrosting F25B2347/023Set point defrosting F25B2400/00General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B F25B2400/01Heaters F25B2400/02Centrifugal separation of gas, liquid or oil F25B2400/03Suction accumulators with deflectors F25B2400/04Refrigeration circuit bypassing means F25B2400/0401for the compressor F25B2400/0403for the condenser F25B2400/0405for the desuperheater F25B2400/0407for the ejector F25B2400/0409for the evaporator F25B2400/0411for the expansion valve or capillary tube F25B2400/0413for the filter or drier F25B2400/0415for the receiver F25B2400/0417for the subcooler F25B2400/0419for the superheater F25B2400/05Compression system with heat exchange between particular parts of the system F25B2400/051between the accumulator and another part of the cycle F25B2400/052between the capillary tube and another part of the refrigeration cycle F25B2400/053between the storage receiver and another part of the system F25B2400/054between the suction tube of the compressor and another part of the cycle F25B2400/06Several compression cycles arranged in parallel F25B2400/061the capacity of the first system being different from the second F25B2400/07Details of compressors or related parts F25B2400/071Compressor mounted in a housing in which a condenser is integrated F25B2400/072Intercoolers therefor F25B2400/073Linear compressors F25B2400/074with multiple cylinders F25B2400/075with parallel compressors F25B2400/0751the compressors having different capacities F25B2400/076having multiple cylinders driven by a rotating swash plate F25B2400/077Compressor control units, e.g. terminal boxes, mounted on the compressor casing wall containing for example starter, protection switches or connector contacts F25B2400/08Refrigeration machines, plants and systems having means for detecting the concentration of a refrigerant F25B2400/09Refrigeration machines, plants and systems having means for detecting the concentration of a sorbent solution F25B2400/11Drop catchers F25B2400/12Inflammable refrigerants F25B2400/121using R1234 F25B2400/13Economisers F25B2400/14Power generation using energy from the expansion of the refrigerant F25B2400/141the extracted power is not recycled back in the refrigerant circuit F25B2400/15Microelectro-mechanical devices F25B2400/16Receivers F25B2400/161arranged in parallel F25B2400/162characterised by the plug or stop F25B2400/17Re-condensers F25B2400/18Refrigerant conversion F25B2400/19Pumping down refrigerant from one part of the cycle to another part of the cycle, e.g. when the cycle is changed from cooling to heating, or before a defrost cycle is started F25B2400/21Modules for refrigeration systems F25B2400/22Refrigeration systems for supermarkets F25B2400/23Separators F25B2400/24Storage receiver heat F25B2500/00Problems to be solved F25B2500/01Geometry problems, e.g. for reducing size F25B2500/02Increasing the heating capacity of a reversible cycle during cold outdoor conditions F25B2500/03Cavitations F25B2500/04Clogging F25B2500/05Cost reduction F25B2500/06Damage F25B2500/07Exceeding a certain pressure value in a refrigeration component or cycle F25B2500/08Exceeding a certain temperature value in a refrigeration component or cycle F25B2500/09Improving heat transfers F25B2500/11Reducing heat transfers F25B2500/12Sound F25B2500/13Vibrations F25B2500/14the presence of moisture in a refrigeration component or cycle F25B2500/15Hunting, i.e. oscillation of controlled refrigeration variables reaching undesirable values F25B2500/16Lubrication F25B2500/17Size reduction F25B2500/18Optimization, e.g. high integration of refrigeration components F25B2500/19Calculation of parameters F25B2500/21Reduction of parts F25B2500/22Preventing, detecting or repairing leaks of refrigeration fluids F25B2500/221Preventing leaks from developing F25B2500/222Detecting refrigerant leaks F25B2500/23High amount of refrigerant in the system F25B2500/24Low amount of refrigerant in the system F25B2500/25Standardisation of apparatus or parts F25B2500/26characterised by the startup of the refrigeration cycle F25B2500/27characterised by the stop of the refrigeration cycle F25B2500/28Means for preventing liquid refrigerant entering into the compressor F25B2500/29High ambient temperatures F25B2500/31Low ambient temperatures F25B2500/32Weight F25B2600/00Control issues F25B2600/01Timing F25B2600/02Compressor control F25B2600/021Inverters therefor F25B2600/022for multi-stage operation F25B2600/023controlling swash plate angles F25B2600/024by controlling the electric parameters, e.g. current or voltage F25B2600/025by controlling speed F25B2600/0251with on-off operation F25B2600/0252with two speeds F25B2600/0253with variable speed F25B2600/026by controlling unloaders F25B2600/0261external to the compressor F25B2600/0262internal to the compressor F25B2600/027by controlling pressure F25B2600/0271the discharge pressure F25B2600/0272the suction pressure F25B2600/05Refrigerant levels F25B2600/07Remote controls F25B2600/11Fan speed control F25B2600/111of condenser fans F25B2600/112of evaporator fans F25B2600/13Pump speed control F25B2600/15during shut down F25B2600/17by controlling the pressure of the condenser F25B2600/19Refrigerant outlet condenser temperature F25B2600/21Refrigerant outlet evaporator temperature F25B2600/23Time delays F25B2600/25Control of valves F25B2600/2501Bypass valves F25B2600/2503Condenser exit valves F25B2600/2505Fixed-differential control valves F25B2600/2507Flow-diverting valves F25B2600/2509Economiser valves F25B2600/2511Evaporator distribution valves F25B2600/2513Expansion valves F25B2600/2515Flow valves F25B2600/2517Head-pressure valves F25B2600/2519On-off valves F25B2600/2521On-off valves controlled by pulse signals F25B2600/2523Receiver valves F25B2600/2525Pressure relief valves F25B2700/00Sensing or detecting of parametersSensors therefor F25B2700/01Sensors determining characteristics of the burner for a generator F25B2700/02Humidity F25B2700/03Oil level F25B2700/04Refrigerant level F25B2700/05Load shedding of a compressor F25B2700/06Piston positions of a compressor F25B2700/11Sensor to detect if defrost is necessary F25B2700/111using an emitter and receiver, e.g. sensing by emitting light or other radiation and receiving reflection by a sensor F25B2700/13Mass flow of refrigerants F25B2700/131at the outlet of a subcooler F25B2700/133through the condenser F25B2700/1331at the inlet F25B2700/1332at the outlet F25B2700/135through the evaporator F25B2700/1351of the cooled fluid upstream or downstream of the evaporator F25B2700/1352at the inlet F25B2700/1353at the outlet F25B2700/15Power, e.g. by voltage or current F25B2700/151of the compressor motor F25B2700/17Speeds F25B2700/171of the compressor F25B2700/172of the condenser fan F25B2700/173of the evaporator fan F25B2700/19Pressures F25B2700/191near an expansion valve F25B2700/193of the compressor F25B2700/1931Discharge pressures F25B2700/1932Oil pressures F25B2700/1933Suction pressures F25B2700/195of the condenser F25B2700/197of the evaporator F25B2700/21Temperatures F25B2700/2101in a bypass F25B2700/2102at the outlet of the gas cooler F25B2700/2103near a heat exchanger F25B2700/2104of an indoor room or compartment F25B2700/2105Oil temperatures F25B2700/2106of fresh outdoor air F25B2700/2107of a Peltier element F25B2700/2108of a receiver F25B2700/2109of a separator F25B2700/2111of a heat storage receiver F25B2700/2113of a suction accumulator F25B2700/2115of a compressor or the drive means therefor F25B2700/21151at the suction side of the compressor F25B2700/21152at the discharge side of the compressor F25B2700/21153of electronic components F25B2700/21154of an inverter F25B2700/21155of the oil F25B2700/21156of the motor F25B2700/21157at the coil or rotor F25B2700/2116of a condenser F25B2700/21161the fluid cooled by the condenser F25B2700/21162of the refrigerant at the inlet of the condenser F25B2700/21163of the refrigerant at the outlet of the condenser F25B2700/2117of an evaporator F25B2700/21171of the fluid cooled by the evaporator F25B2700/21172at the inlet F25B2700/21173at the outlet F25B2700/21174of the refrigerant at the inlet of the evaporator F25B2700/21175of the refrigerant at the outlet of the evaporator