Y04SSYSTEMS INTEGRATING TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO POWER NETWORK OPERATION, COMMUNICATION OR INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES FOR IMPROVING THE ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION, TRANSMISSION, DISTRIBUTION, MANAGEMENT OR USAGE, i.e. SMART GRIDS Y04S10/00Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution Y04S10/00Systems supporting electrical power generation, transmission or distribution Y04S10/12Monitoring or controlling equipment for energy generation units, e.g. distributed energy generation [DER] or load-side generation Y04S10/123the energy generation units being or involving renewable energy sources Y04S10/126the energy generation units being or involving electric vehicles [EV] or hybrid vehicles [HEV], i.e. power aggregation of EV or HEV, vehicle to grid arrangements [V2G] Y04S10/14Energy storage units Y04S10/16Electric power substations Y04S10/18using switches, relays or circuit breakers, e.g. intelligent electronic devices [IED] Y04S10/20using protection elements, arrangements or systems Y04S10/22Flexible AC transmission systems [FACTS] or power factor or reactive power compensating or correcting units Y04S10/30State monitoring, e.g. fault, temperature monitoring, insulator monitoring, corona discharge Y04S10/40Display of information, e.g. of data or controls Y04S10/50Systems or methods supporting the power network operation or management, involving a certain degree of interaction with the load-side end user applications Y04S10/52Outage or fault management, e.g. fault detection or location Y04S20/00Systems supporting the management or operation of end-user stationary applications, including also the last stages of power distribution and the control, monitoring or operating management systems at local level Y04S20/00Management or operation of end-user stationary applications or the last stages of power distributionControlling, monitoring or operating thereof Y04S20/12Energy storage units, uninterruptible power supply [UPS] systems or standby or emergency generators, e.g. in the last power distribution stages Y04S20/14Protecting elements, switches, relays or circuit breakers Y04S20/20End-user application control systems Y04S20/221General power management systems Y04S20/222Demand response systems, e.g. load shedding, peak shaving Y04S20/242Home appliances Y04S20/244the home appliances being or involving heating ventilating and air conditioning [HVAC] units Y04S20/246the system involving the remote operation of lamps or lighting equipment Y04S20/248UPS systems or standby or emergency generators Y04S20/30Smart metering, e.g. specially adapted for remote reading Y04S30/00Systems supporting specific end-user applications in the sector of transportation Y04S30/00Systems supporting specific end-user applications in the sector of transportation Y04S30/10Systems supporting the interoperability of electric or hybrid vehicles Y04S30/12Remote or cooperative charging Y04S30/14Details associated with the interoperability, e.g. vehicle recognition, authentication, identification or billing Y04S40/00Communication or information technology specific aspects supporting electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management Y04S40/00Systems for electrical power generation, transmission, distribution or end-user application management characterised by the use of communication or information technologies, or communication or information technology specific aspects supporting them Y04S40/12characterised by data transport means between the monitoring, controlling or managing units and monitored, controlled or operated electrical equipment Y04S40/121using the power network as support for the transmission Y04S40/124using wired telecommunication networks or data transmission busses Y04S40/126using wireless data transmission Y04S40/128involving the use of Internet protocol Y04S40/18Network protocols supporting networked applications, e.g. including control of end-device applications over a network Y04S40/20Information technology specific aspects, e.g. CAD, simulation, modelling, system security Y04S50/00Market activities related to the operation of systems integrating technologies related to power network operation and communication or information technologies Y04S50/00Market activities related to the operation of systems integrating technologies related to power network operation or related to communication or information technologies Y04S50/10Energy trading, including energy flowing from end-user application to grid Y04S50/12Billing, invoicing, buying or selling transactions or other related activities, e.g. cost or usage evaluation Y04S50/14Marketing, i.e. market research and analysis, surveying, promotions, advertising, buyer profiling, customer management or rewards Y04S50/16Energy services, e.g. dispersed generation or demand or load or energy savings aggregation