B01JCHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRYTHEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated : "solid particles" includes such particles whether catalysts, reactants or inert in solid,semi-solid or pasty state;"fluidised particles" means finely divided solid particles lifted and agitated by a stream of fluid;"fluidised bed-technique" means fluid-solid contacting technique in which finely divided particles are lifted and agitated by a rising stream of fluid, said stream having such a speed as to form a lower dense phase (the "bed") and an upper dilute fluidised phase of "fluidised particles";"processes conducted in the presence of solid particles" does not include processes wherein the only solid particles present are formed during the reaction.In this subclass, tradenames that are often found in scientific and patent literature have been used in order to define precisely the scope of the groupsThe following IPC groups are not in the CPC scheme. The subject matter for these IPC groups is classified in the following CPC groups: B01J37/025 covered by B01J37/02B01J32/00 covered by B01J21/00 - B01J29/90, B01J33/00 - B01J38/74In this subclass non-limiting references (in the sense of paragraph 39 of the Guide to the IPC) may still be displayed in the scheme. B01J2/00 B01J2/00Processes or devices for granulating materials , e.g. fertilisers in generalRendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic B01J2/003followed by coating of the granules to prevent the granules sticking together B01J2/30 B01J2/006Coating of the granules without description of the process or the device by which the granules are obtained to prevent the granules sticking together B01J2/30 B01J2/02by dividing the liquid material into drops, e.g. by spraying, and solidifying the drops B01J2/04in a gaseous medium if combined with suspending the material in a gas, e.g. fluidised beds B01J2/16 B01J2/06in a liquid medium B01J2/08Gelation of a colloidal solution B01J2/10in stationary drums or troughs, provided with kneading or mixing appliances B01J2/12in rotating drums B01J2/14in rotating dishes or pans B01J2/16by suspending the powder material in a gas, e.g. in fluidised beds or as a falling curtain For classification in B01J2/16, the fact that during the process the material is suspended in a gas prevails over the aggregation state of the material at the moment of its suspension in the gas B01J2/18using a vibrating apparatus B01J2/20by expressing the material, e.g. through sieves and fragmenting the extruded length B01J2/22by pressing in moulds or between rollers B01J2/24Obtaining flakes by scraping a solid layer from a surface B01J2/26on endless conveyor belts B01J2/28using special binding agents B01J2/30using agents to prevent the granules sticking togetherRendering particulate materials free flowing in general, e.g. making them hydrophobic B01J3/00Processes of utilising sub-atmospheric or super-atmospheric pressure to effect chemical or physical change of matterApparatus therefor pressure vessels for containing or storing compressed, liquefied or solidified gases F17C B01J3/002Component parts of these vessels not mentioned in B01J3/004, B01J3/006, B01J3/02 - B01J3/08; Measures taken in conjunction with the process to be carried out, e.g. safety measures B01J3/004Sight-glasses therefor see also G02B B01J3/006Processes utilising sub-atmospheric pressure; Apparatus therefor B01J3/008Processes carried out under supercritical conditions B01J3/02Feed or outlet devices therefor B01J3/03Pressure vessels, or vacuum vessels, having closure members or seals specially adapted therefor B01J3/04Pressure vessels, e.g. autoclaves B01J3/042in the form of a tube B01J3/044in the form of a loop B01J3/046Pressure-balanced vessels B01J3/048Multiwall, strip or filament wound vessels for pressurised gas vessels F17C1/06; for making them B29 B01J3/06Processes using ultra-high pressure, e.g. for the formation of diamondsApparatus therefor, e.g. moulds or dies B01J3/04 takes precedence B01J3/062characterised by the composition of the materials to be processed B01J3/065Presses for the formation of diamonds or boronitrides B01J3/067Presses using a plurality of pressing members working in different directions B01J3/08Application of shock waves for chemical reactions or for modifying the crystal structure of substances B01J4/00Feed or outlet devicesFeed or outlet control devices feed or outlet devices for pressure vessels B01J3/02 ; feeding of particles into and evacuation of particles out of the reactor B01J8/0015 B01J4/001Feed or outlet devices as such, e.g. feeding tubes B01J4/002Nozzle-type elements nozzle-type reactors B01J19/26 B01J4/004Sparger-type elements B01J4/005provided with baffles B01J4/007provided with moving parts B01J4/008Feed or outlet control devices B01J4/02for feeding measured , i.e. prescribed quantities of reagents B01J4/04using osmotic pressure using membranes, porous plates B01J6/00Heat treatments such as CalciningFusing Pyrolysis furnaces F27D B01J6/001Calcining B01J6/002using rotating drums B01J6/004using hot gas streams in which the material is moved B01J6/005Fusing B01J6/007in crucibles B01J6/008Pyrolysis reactions of hydrocarbons C10G9/00 B01J7/00Apparatus for generating gases production of inert gas mixtures B01J19/14; for generating specific gases, see the relevant subclasses, e.g. C01B, C10J ; in "air bags" on vehicles B60R21/26; for starter gas F02C7/26; blasting cartridges for producing gas under pressure F42B3/04 B01J7/02by wet methods B01J8/00Chemical or physical processes in general, conducted in the presence of fluids and solid particlesApparatus for such processes B01J8/0005Catalytic processes under superatmospheric pressure non-catalytic processes B01J3/00 B01J8/001Controlling catalytic processes B01J8/1809 takes precedence B01J8/0015Feeding of the particles in the reactor; Evacuation of the particles out of the reactor B01J8/002with a moving instrument B01J8/0025by an ascending fluid B01J8/003in a downward flow B01J8/0035Periodical feeding or evacuation B01J8/004by means of a nozzle B01J8/0045by means of a rotary device in the flow channel B01J8/005Separating solid material from the gas/liquid stream separation processes per se B01D B01J8/0055using cyclones B01J8/006by filtration B01J8/0065by impingement against stationary members B01J8/007by sedimentation B01J8/0075by electrostatic precipitation B01J8/008Details of the reactor or of the particulate material; Processes to increase or to retard the rate of reaction B01J8/0285, B01J8/067, B01J8/087, B01J8/1836 take precedence B01J8/0085promoting uninterrupted fluid flow, e.g. by filtering out particles in front of the catalyst layer B01J8/009Membranes, e.g. feeding or removing reactants or products to or from the catalyst bed through a membrane B01J8/0095in which two different types of particles react with each other B01J8/02with stationary particles, e.g. in fixed beds B01J8/0207the fluid flow within the bed being predominantly horizontal B01J8/0214in a cylindrical annular shaped bed B01J8/0221in a cylindrical shaped bed B01J8/0214 takes precedence B01J8/0228in a conically shaped bed B01J8/0235in a spiral shaped bed B01J8/0242the fluid flow within the bed being predominantly vertical B01J8/025in a cylindrical shaped bed B01J8/0257in a cylindrical annular shaped bed B01J8/0264in a conically shaped bed B01J8/0271in a spiral shaped bed B01J8/0278Feeding reactive fluids for solid material B01J8/0015 B01J8/0285Heating or cooling the reactor for tubular reactors in furnaces B01J8/062 B01J8/0292with stationary packing material in the bed, e.g. bricks, wire rings, baffles B01J8/04the fluid passing successively through two or more beds B01J8/0403the fluid flow within the beds being predominantly horizontal B01J8/0407through two or more cylindrical annular shaped beds B01J8/0411the beds being concentric B01J8/0415the beds being superimposed one above the other B01J8/0434 takes precedence B01J8/0419the beds being placed in separate reactors B01J8/0423through two or more otherwise shaped beds B01J8/0426the beds being superimposed one above the other B01J8/043in combination with one cylindrical annular shaped bed B01J8/0434in combination with two or more cylindrical annular shaped beds B01J8/0438the beds being placed next to each other B01J8/0442the beds being placed in separate reactors B01J8/0446the flow within the beds being predominantly vertical B01J8/0449in two or more cylindrical beds B01J8/0453the beds being superimposed one above the other B01J8/0457the beds being placed in separate reactors B01J8/0461in two or more cylindrical annular shaped beds B01J8/0465the beds being concentric B01J8/0469the beds being superimposed one above the other B01J8/0473the beds being placed in separate reactors B01J8/0476in two or more otherwise shaped beds B01J8/048the beds being superimposed one above the other B01J8/0484the beds being placed next to each other B01J8/0488the beds being placed in separate reactors B01J8/0492Feeding reactive fluids for solid material, see B01J8/0015 B01J8/0496Heating or cooling the reactor B01J8/06in tube reactorsthe solid particles being arranged in tubes B01J8/062being installed in a furnace B01J8/065Feeding reactive fluids B01J8/067Heating or cooling the reactor B01J8/062 takes precedence B01J8/08with moving particles with fluidised particles B01J8/18 B01J8/082Controlling processes B01J8/085Feeding reactive fluids for solid material, see B01J8/0015 B01J8/087Heating or cooling the reactor B01J8/10moved by stirrers or by rotary drums or rotary receptacles or endless belts B01J8/12moved by gravity in a downward flow B01J8/125with multiple sections one above the other separated by distribution aids, e.g. reaction and regeneration sections B01J8/14moving in free vortex flow apparatus B01J8/16with particles being subjected to vibrations or pulsations B01J8/40 takes precedence B01J8/18with fluidised particles combustion apparatus with fluidised bed in general F23C10/00; furnaces with fluidised bed F27B15/00 B01J8/1809Controlling processes B01J8/1818Feeding of the fluidising gas B01J8/44 takes precedence B01J8/1827the fluidising gas being a reactant B01J8/1836Heating and cooling the reactor B01J8/42 takes precedence B01J8/1845with particles moving upwards while fluidised B01J8/1854followed by a downward movement inside the reactor to form a loop B01J8/1863followed by a downward movement outside the reactor and subsequently re-entering it B01J8/1872Details of the fluidised bed reactor B01J8/1836 takes precedence B01J8/1881with particles moving downwards while fluidised B01J8/189moving downwards in a zig-zag manner B01J8/20with liquid as a fluidising medium B01J8/22gas being introduced into the liquid B01J8/222in the presence of a rotating device only B01J8/224the particles being subject to a circulatory movement B01J8/222 takes precedence B01J8/226internally, i.e. the particles rotate within the vessel B01J8/228externally, i.e. the particles leaving the vessel and subsequently re-entering it B01J8/24according to "fluidised-bed" technique B01J8/20 takes precedence B01J8/245Spouted-bed technique B01J8/26with two or more fluidised beds, e.g. reactor and regeneration installations B01J8/28the one above the other B01J8/30the edge of a lower bed projecting beyond the edge of the superjacent bed B01J8/32with introduction into the fluidised bed of more than one kind of moving particles B01J8/34with stationary packing material in the fluidised bed, e.g. bricks, wire rings, baffles B01J8/36with fluidised bed through which there is an essentially horizontal flow of particles B01J8/38with fluidised bed containing a rotatable device or being subject to rotation or to a circulatory movement, i.e. leaving a vessel and subsequently re-entering it B01J8/382with a rotatable device only B01J8/384being subject to a circulatory movement only B01J8/382 takes precedence B01J8/386internally, i.e. the particles rotate within the vessel B01J8/388externally, i.e. the particles leaving the vessel and subsequently re-entering it B01J8/40with fluidised bed subjected to vibrations or pulsations B01J8/42with fluidised bed subjected to electric current or to radiations this sub-group includes the fluidised bed subjected to electric or magnetic fields B01J8/44Fluidisation grids B01J8/46for treatment of endless filamentary, band or sheet material B01J10/00Chemical processes in general for reacting liquid with gaseous media other than in the presence of solid particles, or apparatus specially adapted therefor B01J19/08 takes precedence; separation, e.g. distillation, also combined with chemical reactions B01D, e.g. B01D3/009 B01J10/002carried out in foam, aerosol or bubbles B01J10/005carried out at high temperatures in the presence of a molten material B01J10/007in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates B01J10/02of the thin-film type B01J12/00Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with gaseous mediaApparatus specially adapted therefor B01J3/08, B01J8/00, B01J19/08 take precedence B01J12/002carried out in the plasma state generating or handling plasma H05H1/00 B01J12/005carried out at high temperatures, e.g. by pyrolysis B01J12/007in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates B01J12/02for obtaining at least one reaction product which, at normal temperature, is in the solid state B01J13/00Colloid chemistry, e.g. the production of colloidal materials or their solutions, not otherwise provided forMaking microcapsules or microballoons B01J13/0004Preparation of sols by physical processes B01J13/0086, aerosols B01J13/0095 B01J13/0008Sols of inorganic materials in water B01J13/0013from a precipitate B01J13/0017by extraction of ions from aqueous solutions B01J13/0021containing a solid organic phase B01J13/0026containing a liquid organic phase B01J13/003Preparation from aqueous sols B01J13/0034Additives, e.g. in view of promoting stabilisation or peptisation B01J13/0039Post treatment B01J13/0043containing elemental metal for medical or diagnostical purposes A61K, G01N B01J13/0047containing a metal oxide B01J13/0052Preparation of gels B01J13/0056containing inorganic material and water B01J13/006by precipitation, coagulation, hydrolyse coacervation B01J13/0065containing an organic phase B01J13/0069Post treatment B01J13/0073Preparation of non-Newtonian sols, e.g. thixotropic solutions B01J13/0078containing inorganic material and water B01J13/0082containing an organic phase B01J13/0086Preparation of sols by physical processes colloid mills B02C B01J13/0091Preparation of aerogels, e.g. xerogels B01J13/0095Preparation of aerosols B01J13/02Making microcapsules or microballoons for medical preparations A61K9/50 B01J13/025Applications of microcapsules not provided for in other subclasses B01J13/04by physical processes, e.g. drying, spraying B01J13/043Drying and spraying B01J13/046combined with gelification or coagulation B01J13/06by phase separation B01J13/08Simple coacervation, i.e. addition of highly hydrophilic material combined with spraying B01J13/043; combined with mechanical division B01J13/04 B01J13/10Complex coacervation, i.e. interaction of oppositely charged particles B01J13/12removing solvent from the wall-forming material solution B01J13/125by evaporation of the solvent apparatus therefor B01J13/043 B01J13/14Polymerisationcross-linking B01J13/16Interfacial polymerisation B01J13/18In situ polymerisation with all reactants being present in the same phase B01J13/185in an organic phase B01J13/20After-treatment of capsule walls, e.g. hardening B01J13/203Exchange of core-forming material by diffusion through the capsule wall B01J13/206Hardening; drying B01J13/22Coating B01J14/00Chemical processes in general for reacting liquids with liquidsApparatus specially adapted therefor B01J8/00, B01J19/08 take precedence B01J14/005in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates B01J15/00Chemical processes in general for reacting gaseous media with non-particulate solids, e.g. sheet materialApparatus specially adapted therefor B01J19/08 takes precedence B01J15/005in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates B01J16/00Chemical processes in general for reacting liquids with non- particulate solids, e.g. sheet materialApparatus specially adapted therefor B01J19/08 takes precedence B01J16/005in the presence of catalytically active bodies, e.g. porous plates B01J19/00Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in generalTheir relevant apparatus B01J19/0006Controlling or regulating processes controlling or regulating in general G05 B01J19/0013Controlling the temperature of the process B01J19/002Avoiding undesirable reactions or side-effects, e.g. avoiding explosions, or improving the yield by suppressing side-reactions B01J19/0026Avoiding carbon deposits inhibiting incrustation in general, C23F14/00, C23F15/00 B01J19/0033Optimalisation processes, i.e. processes with adaptive control systems adaptive control systems per se G05B13/00 B01J19/004Multifunctional apparatus for automatic manufacturing of various chemical products sequential reactions B01J19/0046 B01J19/0046Sequential or parallel reactions, e.g. for the synthesis of polypeptides or polynucleotides; Apparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making molecular arrays synthesis methods per se C40B50/00 B01J19/0053Details of the reactor B01J19/006Baffles B01J19/0066Stirrers mixing per se B01F B01J19/0073Sealings sealings for pressure vessels per se F16J15/00 B01J19/008Processes for carrying out reactions under cavitation conditions B01J19/0086Processes carried out with a view to control or to change the pH-value; Applications of buffer salts; Neutralisation reactions B01J19/0093Microreactors, e.g. miniaturised or microfabricated reactors laboratory containers with capillary fluid transport in microfabricated channels or chambers B01L3/5027 B01J19/02Apparatus characterised by being constructed of material selected for its chemically-resistant properties B01J19/06Solidifying liquids making microcapsules B01J13/02 B01J19/08Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiationApparatus therefor application of shock waves B01J3/08 B01J19/081employing particle radiation or gamma-radiation B01J19/082Gamma-radiation only B01J19/084Neutron beams only B01J19/085Electron beams only B01J19/087employing electric or magnetic energy B01J19/088giving rise to electric discharges for heating purposes H05B7/00; for the production of ozone C01B13/11, H01T19/00 B01J19/10employing sonic or ultrasonic vibrations B01J19/12employing electromagnetic waves B01J19/121Coherent waves, e.g. laser beams lasers per se H01S3/00 B01J19/122Incoherent waves gamma-radiation B01J19/082 B01J19/123Ultra-violet light B01J19/124generated by microwave irradiation B01J19/125X-rays B01J19/126Microwaves B01J19/127Sunlight; Visible light B01J19/128Infra-red light B01J19/129Radiofrequency B01J19/14Production of inert gas mixturesUse of inert gases in general B01J19/16Preventing evaporation or oxidation of non-metallic liquids by applying a floating layer, e.g. of microballoons in storage tanks B65D90/42 B01J19/18Stationary reactors having moving elements inside B01J19/08, B01J19/26 take precedence B01J19/1806resulting in a turbulent flow of the reactants, such as in centrifugal-type reactors, or having a high Reynolds-number B01J19/1812Tubular reactors B01J19/1818in series B01J19/1825in parallel B01J19/1831spirally, concentrically or zigzag wound B01J19/1837Loop-type reactors B01J19/1843Concentric tube B01J19/185of the pulsating type B01J19/1856placed in parallel B01J19/1862placed in series B01J19/1868resulting in a loop-type movement B01J19/1875internally, i.e. the mixture circulating inside the vessel such that the upwards stream is separated physically from the downwards stream(s) B01J19/1881externally, i.e. the mixture leaving the vessel and subsequently re-entering it B01J19/1887forming a thin film B01J19/1893Membrane reactors membranes B01D71/00; catalytic membranes B01J35/065 B01J19/20in the form of helices, e.g. screw reactors B01J19/22in the form of endless belts B01J19/24Stationary reactors without moving elements inside B01J19/08, B01J19/26 take precedence; with stationary particles B01J8/02 B01J19/2405provoking a turbulent flow of the reactants, such as in cyclones, or having a high Reynolds-number B01J19/241of the pulsating type B01J19/2415Tubular reactors B01J19/242in series B01J19/2425in parallel B01J19/243spirally, concentrically or zigzag wound B01J19/2435Loop-type reactors B01J19/244Concentric tubes B01J19/2445placed in parallel B01J19/245placed in series B01J19/2455provoking a loop type movement of the reactants tubular loop-type reactors B01J19/2435; loop reactors having moving elements inside B01J19/1868 B01J19/246internally, i.e. the mixture circulating inside the vessel such that the upward stream is separated physically from the downward stream(s) B01J19/2465externally, i.e. the mixture leaving the vessel and subsequently re-entering it B01J19/247Suited for forming thin films B01J19/2475Membrane reactors B01J19/248Reactors comprising multiple separated flow channels B01J19/2485Monolithic reactors B01J19/249Plate-type reactors B01J19/2495Net-type reactors B01J19/26Nozzle-type reactors, i.e. the distribution of the initial reactants within the reactor is effected by their introduction or injection through nozzles B01J19/28Moving reactors, e.g. rotary drums B01J19/08 takes precedence B01J19/285Shaking or vibrating reactors; reactions under the influence of low-frequency vibrations or pulsations for sonic and ultrasonic vibrations B01J19/10 B01J19/30Loose or shaped packing elements, e.g. Raschig rings or Berl saddles, for pouring into the apparatus for mass or heat transfer B01J19/305Supporting elements therefor, e.g. grids, perforated plates B01J19/32Packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit or module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer B01J19/325Attachment devices therefor, e.g. hooks, consoles, brackets B01J20/00Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositionsSorbents for chromatographyCatalysts In groups B01J20/00 - B01J31/00, metal salts having an anion composed of metal and oxygen only, e.g. molybdates, are considered as chemically bound mixtures of the component metal oxides. Attention is drawn to the definitions of groups of chemical elements following the title of section C.In group B01J20/00 and in each set of groups B01J21/00 - B01J31/00 and B01J33/00 - B01J38/00, the last place priority rule is applied, i.e. at each hierarchical level, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. Pure compounds or elements, or their recovery from solid sorbent compositions, filter aid compositions, or catalysts, are classified in the appropriate subclass for chemical compounds or elements. However, when it is explicitly stated that the pure compound or element, in a particular form, is especially useful as a solid sorbent, filter aid, or catalyst, it is further classified in group B01J20/00 or B01J35/00. In groups B01J21/00 - B01J38/00, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "catalyst" covers also a carrier-forming part of the catalyst. Classification of the: forms or physical properties;preparation or activation;regeneration or reactivation of catalysts according to more than one of main groups B01J21/00 - B01J31/00 is made in the following general groups: B01J35/00 for such forms or physical properties;B01J37/00 for such preparation or activation;B01J38/00 for such regeneration or reactivation. B01J20/00Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositionsSorbents for chromatographyProcesses for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof B01J20/02comprising inorganic material B01J20/0203comprising compounds of metals not provided for in B01J20/04 oxides or hydroxides thereof B01J20/06 Compounds classified in group B01J20/0203 and subgroups are also classified in B01J20/0274 according to the type of anion B01J20/0207Compounds of Sc, Y or Lanthanides B01J20/0211Compounds of Ti, Zr, Hf B01J20/0214Compounds of V, Nb, Ta B01J20/0218Compounds of Cr, Mo, W B01J20/0222Compounds of Mn, Re B01J20/0225Compounds of Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt B01J20/0229Compounds of Fe B01J20/0233Compounds of Cu, Ag, Au B01J20/0237Compounds of Cu B01J20/024Compounds of Zn, Cd, Hg B01J20/0244Compounds of Zn B01J20/0248Compounds of B, Al, Ga, In, Tl B01J20/08 takes precedence B01J20/0251Compounds of Si, Ge, Sn, Pb B01J20/10 takes precedence B01J20/0255Compounds of Pb B01J20/0259Compounds of N, P, As, Sb, Bi B01J20/0262Compounds of O, S, Se, Te B01J20/0266Compounds of S B01J20/027Compounds of F, Cl, Br, I B01J20/0274characterised by the type of anion B01J20/0277Carbonates of compounds other than those provided for in B01J20/043 B01J20/0281Sulfates of compounds other than those provided for in B01J20/045 B01J20/0285Sulfides of compounds other than those provided for in B01J20/045 B01J20/0288Halides of compounds other than those provided for in B01J20/046 B01J20/0292Phosphates of compounds other than those provided for in B01J20/048 B01J20/0296Nitrates of compounds other than those provided for in B01J20/04 B01J20/04comprising compounds of alkali metals, alkaline earth metals or magnesium B01J20/041Oxides or hydroxides B01J20/043Carbonates or bicarbonates, e.g. limestone, dolomite, aragonite B01J20/045containing sulfur, e.g. sulfates, thiosulfates, gypsum B01J20/046containing halogens, e.g. halides B01J20/048containing phosphorus, e.g. phosphates, apatites, hydroxyapatites B01J20/06comprising oxides or hydroxides of metals not provided for in group B01J20/04 B01J20/08comprising aluminium oxide or hydroxidecomprising bauxite B01J20/10comprising silica or silicate B01J20/103comprising silica B01J20/106Perlite B01J20/12Naturally occurring clays or bleaching earth B01J20/14Diatomaceous earth B01J20/16Alumino-silicates B01J20/12 takes precedence B01J20/165Natural alumino-silicates, e.g. zeolites B01J20/18Synthetic zeolitic molecular sieves B01J20/183Physical conditioning without chemical treatment, e.g. drying, granulating, coating, irradiation B01J20/186Chemical treatments in view of modifying the properties of the sieve, e.g. increasing the stability or the activity, also decreasing the activity B01J20/20comprising free carboncomprising carbon obtained by carbonising processes B01J20/205Carbon nanostructures, e.g. nanotubes, nanohorns, nanocones, nanoballs carbon nanotubes per se C01B32/15 B01J20/22comprising organic material B01J20/223containing metals, e.g. organo-metallic compounds, coordination complexes B01J20/226Coordination polymers, e.g. metal-organic frameworks [MOF], zeolitic imidazolate frameworks [ZIF] preparation of metal complexes containing carboxylic acid moieties C07C51/418; MOF's per se C07F B01J20/24Naturally occurring macromolecular compounds, e.g. humic acids or their derivatives B01J20/26Synthetic macromolecular compounds B01J20/261obtained by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds per se C08F B01J20/262obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. obtained by polycondensation macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds per se C08G B01J20/264derived from different types of monomers, e.g. linear or branched copolymers, block copolymers, graft copolymers B01J20/265modified or post-treated polymers polymer carriers or substrates subjected to further impregnating or coating B01J20/3208 B01J20/267Cross-linked polymers B01J20/268Polymers created by use of a template, e.g. molecularly imprinted polymers B01J20/28characterised by their form or physical properties B01J20/28002characterised by their physical properties B01J20/28004Sorbent size or size distribution, e.g. particle size B01J20/28007with size in the range 1-100 nanometers, e.g. nanosized particles, nanofibers, nanotubes, nanowires or the like carbon nanostructures B01J20/205 B01J20/28009Magnetic properties B01J20/28011Other properties, e.g. density, crush strength B01J20/28014characterised by their form B01J20/28016Particle form B01J20/28019Spherical, ellipsoidal or cylindrical B01J20/28021Hollow particles, e.g. hollow spheres, microspheres or cenospheres B01J20/28023Fibres or filaments fibres or filaments in the form of membranes B01J20/28038; B01J20/28007 takes precedence B01J20/28026Particles within, immobilised, dispersed, entrapped in or on a matrix, e.g. a resin B01J20/28028Particles immobilised within fibres or filaments B01J20/2803Sorbents comprising a binder, e.g. for forming aggregated, agglomerated or granulated products B01J20/28033Membrane, sheet, cloth, pad, lamellar or mat B01J20/28035with more than one layer, e.g. laminates, separated sheets B01J20/28038Membranes or mats made from fibers or filaments B01J20/2804Sheets with a specific shape, e.g. corrugated, folded, pleated, helical B01J20/28042Shaped bodies; Monolithic structures B01J20/28045Honeycomb or cellular structures; Solid foams or sponges B01J20/28047Gels B01J20/2805Sorbents inside a permeable or porous casing, e.g. inside a container, bag or membrane B01J20/28052Several layers of identical or different sorbents stacked in a housing, e.g. in a column B01J20/28054characterised by their surface properties or porosity B01J20/28057Surface area, e.g. B.E.T specific surface area B01J20/28059being less than 100 m2/g B01J20/28061being in the range 100-500 m2/g B01J20/28064being in the range 500-1000 m2/g B01J20/28066being more than 1000 m2/g B01J20/28069Pore volume, e.g. total pore volume, mesopore volume, micropore volume B01J20/28071being less than 0.5 ml/g B01J20/28073being in the range 0.5-1.0 ml/g B01J20/28076being more than 1.0 ml/g B01J20/28078Pore diameter B01J20/2808being less than 2 nm, i.e. micropores or nanopores B01J20/28083being in the range 2-50 nm, i.e. mesopores B01J20/28085being more than 50 nm, i.e. macropores B01J20/28088Pore-size distribution B01J20/2809Monomodal or narrow distribution, uniform pores B01J20/28092Bimodal, polymodal, different types of pores or different pore size distributions in different parts of the sorbent B01J20/28095Shape or type of pores, voids, channels, ducts B01J20/28097being coated, filled or plugged with specific compounds B01J20/281Sorbents specially adapted for preparative, analytical or investigative chromatography In groups B01J20/281 - B01J20/292 it is desirable to add indexing codes for aspects relating to sorbents specially adapted for preparative, analytical or investigative chromatography. The indexing codes are chosen from groups B01J2220/80 - B01J2220/86Groups B01J20/281 - B01J20/29 are incomplete pending reclassification of documents from groups G01N30/48, G01N30/482 and G01N2030/484.
All groups listed in this Warning should be considered in order to perform a complete search. B01J20/282Porous sorbents ion exchange B01J39/00 - B01J41/00 B01J20/283based on silica B01J20/284based on alumina B01J20/285based on polymers B01J20/286Phases chemically bonded to a substrate, e.g. to silica or to polymers B01J20/287Non-polar phasesReversed phases B01J20/288Polar phases B01J20/289bonded via a spacer B01J20/29Chiral phases B01J20/291Gel sorbents B01J20/292Liquid sorbents B01J20/30Processes for preparing, regenerating, or reactivating B01J20/3007Moulding, shaping or extruding B01J20/3014Kneading B01J20/3021Milling, crushing or grinding B01J20/3028Granulating, agglomerating or aggregating B01J20/3035Compressing B01J20/3042Use of binding agents; addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the produced sorbent B01J20/305Addition of material, later completely removed, e.g. as result of heat treatment, leaching or washing, e.g. for forming pores B01J20/3057Use of a templating or imprinting material molecularly imprinted polymers B01J20/268; filling pores of a substrate or matrix followed by the removal of the substrate or matrix B01J20/3064Addition of pore forming agents, e.g. pore inducing or porogenic agents B01J20/3071Washing or leaching B01J20/3078Thermal treatment, e.g. calcining or pyrolizing B01J20/3085Chemical treatments not covered by groups B01J20/3007 - B01J20/3078 B01J20/3092Packing of a container, e.g. packing a cartridge or column of chromatography columns B01D15/206 B01J20/32Impregnating or coating ; Solid sorbent compositions obtained from processes involving impregnating or coating B01J20/3202characterised by the carrier, support or substrate used for impregnation or coating B01J20/3204Inorganic carriers, supports or substrates B01J20/3206Organic carriers, supports or substrates B01J20/3208Polymeric carriers, supports or substrates B01J20/321consisting of a polymer obtained by reactions involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds B01J20/3212consisting of a polymer obtained by reactions otherwise than involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds B01J20/3214characterised by the method for obtaining this coating or impregnating B01J20/3217Resulting in a chemical bond between the coating or impregnating layer and the carrier, support or substrate, e.g. a covalent bond B01J20/3219involving a particular spacer or linking group, e.g. for attaching an active group B01J20/3221the chemical bond being an ionic interaction B01J20/3223by means of an adhesive agent B01J20/3225involving a post-treatment of the coated or impregnated product B01J20/3227by end-capping, i.e. with or after the introduction of functional or ligand groups B01J20/3229for preventing leaching, leaking of attached functional or ligand groups B01J20/3231characterised by the coating or impregnating layer B01J20/3234Inorganic material layers B01J20/3236containing metal, other than zeolites, e.g. oxides, hydroxides, sulphides or salts B01J20/3238containing any type of zeolite B01J20/324containing free carbon, e.g. activated carbon B01J20/3242Layers with a functional group, e.g. an affinity material, a ligand, a reactant or a complexing group B01J20/3244Non-macromolecular compounds B01J20/3246having a well defined chemical structure B01J20/3248the functional group or the linking, spacer or anchoring group as a whole comprising at least one type of heteroatom selected from a nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, these atoms not being part of the carrier as such B01J20/3251comprising at least two different types of heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulphur B01J20/3253comprising a cyclic structure not containing any of the heteroatoms nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, e.g. aromatic structures B01J20/3255comprising a cyclic structure containing at least one of the heteroatoms nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, e.g. heterocyclic or heteroaromatic structures B01J20/3257the functional group or the linking, spacer or anchoring group as a whole comprising at least one of the heteroatoms nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur together with at least one silicon atom, these atoms not being part of the carrier as such B01J20/3259comprising at least two different types of heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur with at least one silicon atom B01J20/3261comprising a cyclic structure not containing any of the heteroatoms nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, e.g. aromatic structures B01J20/3263comprising a cyclic structure containing at least one of the heteroatoms nitrogen, oxygen or sulfur, e.g. an heterocyclic or heteroaromatic structure B01J20/3265with an organic functional group containing a metal, e.g. a metal affinity ligand B01J20/3268Macromolecular compounds B01J20/327Polymers obtained by reactions involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds B01J20/3272Polymers obtained by reactions otherwise than involving only carbon to carbon unsaturated bonds B01J20/3274Proteins, nucleic acids, polysaccharides, antibodies or antigens B01J20/3276Copolymers B01J20/3278Polymers being grafted on the carrier B01J20/328Polymers on the carrier being further modified B01J20/3282Crosslinked polymers B01J20/3285Coating or impregnation layers comprising different type of functional groups or interactions, e.g. different ligands in various parts of the sorbent, mixed mode, dual zone, bimodal, multimodal, ionic or hydrophobic, cationic or anionic, hydrophilic or hydrophobic B01J20/3287Layers in the form of a liquid B01J20/3289Coatings involving more than one layer of same or different nature B01J20/3291Characterised by the shape of the carrier, the coating or the obtained coated product B01J20/3293Coatings on a core, the core being particle or fiber shaped, e.g. encapsulated particles, coated fibers B01J20/3295Coatings made of particles, nanoparticles, fibers, nanofibers B01J20/3297Coatings in the shape of a sheet B01J20/34Regenerating or reactivating B01J20/3408of aluminosilicate molecular sieves B01J20/3416of sorbents or filter aids comprising free carbon, e.g. activated carbon B01J20/3425of sorbents or filter aids comprising organic materials B01J20/3433of sorbents or filter aids other than those covered by B01J20/3408 - B01J20/3425 B01J20/3441Regeneration or reactivation by electric current, ultrasound or irradiation, e.g. electromagnetic radiation such as X-rays, UV, light, microwaves B01J20/345using a particular desorbing compound or mixture elution or regeneration of stationary phases in liquid chromatography B01D15/08 B01J20/3458in the gas phase B01J20/3466with steam B01J20/3475in the liquid phase B01J20/3483by thermal treatment not covered by groups B01J20/3441 - B01J20/3475, e.g. by heating or cooling B01J20/3491by pressure treatment B01J21/00Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium B01J21/005Spinels B01J21/02Boron or aluminiumOxides or hydroxides thereof B01J21/04Alumina B01J21/06Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafniumOxides or hydroxides thereof B01J21/063Titanium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof B01J21/066Zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof B01J21/08Silica B01J21/10MagnesiumOxides or hydroxides thereof B01J21/12Silica and alumina B01J21/14Silica and magnesia B01J21/16Clays or other mineral silicates B01J21/18Carbon B01J21/185Carbon nanotubes carbon nanotubes per se C01B32/15 B01J21/20Regeneration or reactivation B01J23/00Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 B01J21/16 takes precedence B01J23/002Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskiteIn group B01J23/002, elements constituting the exemplified mixed oxide are further indexed under the form of a C-set with B01J2523/00 as base symbol using the relevant classification symbols of B01J2523/10 - B01J2523/847, in numerical order, as further symbols and separated by ",", e.g. the mixed oxide Mo_aV_bTe_cO_x is classified as (B01J2523/00, B01J2523/55, B01J2523/64, B01J2523/68). B01J23/005Spinels B01J23/007Mixed salts B01J23/02of the alkali- or alkaline earth metals or beryllium B01J23/04Alkali metals B01J23/06of zinc, cadmium or mercury B01J23/08of gallium, indium or thallium B01J23/10of rare earths B01J23/12of actinides B01J23/14of germanium, tin or lead B01J23/16of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J23/18Arsenic, antimony or bismuth B01J23/20Vanadium, niobium or tantalum B01J23/22Vanadium B01J23/24Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten B01J23/26Chromium B01J23/28Molybdenum B01J23/30Tungsten B01J23/31combined with bismuth B01J23/32Manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J23/34Manganese B01J23/36Rhenium B01J23/38of noble metals B01J23/40of the platinum group metals B01J23/42Platinum B01J23/44Palladium B01J23/46Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium B01J23/462Ruthenium B01J23/464Rhodium B01J23/466Osmium B01J23/468Iridium B01J23/48Silver or gold B01J23/50Silver B01J23/52Gold B01J23/54combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 B01J23/56Platinum group metals B01J23/58with alkali- or alkaline earth metals B01J23/60with zinc, cadmium or mercury B01J23/62with gallium, indium, thallium, germanium, tin or lead B01J23/622with germanium, tin or lead B01J23/624with germanium B01J23/626with tin B01J23/628with lead B01J23/63with rare earths or actinides B01J23/64with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J23/644Arsenic, antimony or bismuth B01J23/6442Arsenic B01J23/6445Antimony B01J23/6447Bismuth B01J23/648Vanadium, niobium or tantalum or polonium B01J23/6482Vanadium B01J23/6484Niobium B01J23/6486Tantalum B01J23/6488Polonium B01J23/652Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten B01J23/6522Chromium B01J23/6525Molybdenum B01J23/6527Tungsten B01J23/656Manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J23/6562Manganese B01J23/6565Technetium B01J23/6567Rhenium B01J23/66Silver or gold B01J23/68with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J23/681with arsenic, antimony or bismuth B01J23/682with vanadium, niobium, tantalum or polonium B01J23/683with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten B01J23/685with chromium B01J23/686with molybdenum B01J23/687with tungsten B01J23/688with manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J23/70of the iron group metals or copper B01J23/72Copper B01J23/74Iron group metals B01J23/745Iron B01J23/75Cobalt B01J23/755Nickel B01J23/76combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 B01J23/78with alkali- or alkaline earth metals B01J23/80with zinc, cadmium or mercury B01J23/825with gallium, indium or thallium B01J23/83with rare earths or actinides B01J23/835with germanium, tin or lead B01J23/84with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J23/843Arsenic, antimony or bismuth B01J23/8432Arsenic B01J23/8435Antimony B01J23/8437Bismuth B01J23/847Vanadium, niobium or tantalum or polonium B01J23/8472Vanadium B01J23/8474Niobium B01J23/8476Tantalum B01J23/8478Polonium B01J23/85Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten B01J23/86Chromium B01J23/862Iron and chromium B01J23/864Cobalt and chromium B01J23/866Nickel and chromium B01J23/868copper and chromium B01J23/88Molybdenum B01J23/881and iron B01J23/882and cobalt B01J23/883and nickel B01J23/885and copper B01J23/887containing in addition other metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 B01J23/8871Rare earth metals or actinides B01J23/8872Alkali or alkaline earth metals B01J23/8873Zinc, cadmium or mercury B01J23/8874Gallium, indium or thallium B01J23/8875Germanium, tin or lead B01J23/8876Arsenic, antimony or bismuth B01J23/8877Vanadium, tantalum, niobium or polonium B01J23/8878Chromium B01J23/888Tungsten B01J23/8885containing also molybdenum B01J23/889Manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J23/8892Manganese B01J23/8894Technetium B01J23/8896Rhenium B01J23/8898containing also molybdenum B01J23/89combined with noble metals B01J23/8906Iron and noble metals B01J23/8913Cobalt and noble metals B01J23/892Nickel and noble metals B01J23/8926Copper and noble metals B01J23/8933also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 B01J23/894with rare earths or actinides B01J23/8946with alkali or alkaline earth metals B01J23/8953with zinc, cadmium or mercury B01J23/896with gallium, indium or thallium B01J23/8966with germanium, tin or lead B01J23/8973with arsenic, antimony or bismuth B01J23/898with vanadium, tantalum, niobium or polonium B01J23/8986with manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J23/8993with chromium, molybdenum or tungsten B01J23/90Regeneration or reactivation B01J23/92of catalysts comprising metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 B01J23/94of catalysts comprising metals, oxides or hydroxides of the iron group metals or copper B01J23/96of catalysts comprising metals, oxides or hydroxides of the noble metals B01J25/00Catalysts of the Raney type B01J25/02Raney nickel B01J25/04Regeneration or reactivation B01J27/00Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogenCatalysts comprising carbon compoundsMetal catalysts or metal oxide catalysts activated or conditioned by halogens, sulfur or phosphorus, or compounds thereof are classified in the appropriate groups for metal or metal oxide catalysts B01J27/02Sulfur, selenium or telluriumCompounds thereof B01J27/04Sulfides B01J27/043with iron group metals or platinum group metals B01J27/045Platinum group metals B01J27/047with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium B01J27/049with iron group metals or platinum group metals B01J27/051Molybdenum B01J27/0515with iron group metals or platinum group metals B01J27/053Sulfates B01J27/055with alkali metals, copper, gold or silver B01J27/057Selenium or telluriumCompounds thereof B01J27/0573Selenium; Compounds thereof B01J27/0576Tellurium; Compounds thereof B01J27/06HalogensCompounds thereof B01J27/08Halides B01J27/10Chlorides B01J27/12Fluorides B01J27/122of copper B01J27/125with scandium, yttrium, aluminium, gallium, indium or thallium B01J27/128with iron group metals or platinum group metals B01J27/13Platinum group metals B01J27/132with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium B01J27/135with titanium, zirconium, hafnium, germanium, tin or lead B01J27/138with alkaline earth metals, magnesium, beryllium, zinc, cadmium or mercury B01J27/14PhosphorusCompounds thereof B01J27/16containing oxygen , i.e. acids, anhydrides and their derivates with N, S, B or halogens without carriers or on carriers based on C, Si, Al or Zr; also salts of Si, Al and Zr B01J27/18with metals other than Al or Zr B01J27/1802Salts or mixtures of anhydrides with compounds of other metals than V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Tc, Re, e.g. phosphates, thiophosphates B01J27/1804with rare earths or actinides B01J27/1806with alkaline or alkaline earth metals B01J27/1808with zinc, cadmium or mercury B01J27/1811with gallium, indium or thallium B01J27/1813with germanium, tin or lead B01J27/1815with arsenic, antimony or bismuth B01J27/1817with copper, silver or gold B01J27/182with silicon B01J27/185with iron group metals or platinum group metals B01J27/1853with iron, cobalt or nickel B01J27/1856with platinum group metals B01J27/186with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J27/187with manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J27/188with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium B01J27/19Molybdenum B01J27/192with bismuth B01J27/195with vanadium, niobium or tantalum B01J27/198Vanadium B01J27/199with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium B01J27/20Carbon compounds B01J27/22Carbides B01J27/224Silicon carbide B01J27/228with phosphorus, arsenic, antimony or bismuth B01J27/232Carbonates B01J27/236Hydroxy carbonates B01J27/24Nitrogen compounds B01J27/25Nitrates B01J27/26Cyanides B01J27/28Regeneration or reactivation B01J27/285of catalysts comprising compounds of phosphorus B01J27/30of catalysts comprising compounds of sulfur, selenium or tellurium B01J27/32of catalysts comprising compounds of halogens B01J29/00Catalysts comprising molecular sieves molecular sieves per se C01B In this group, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "zeolites" means:crystalline aluminosilicates with base-exchange and molecular sieve properties, having three dimensional, microporous lattice framework structure of tetrahedral oxide units;compounds isomorphous to those of the former category, wherein the aluminium or silicon atoms in the framework are partly or wholly replaced by atoms of other elements, e.g. by gallium, germanium, phosphorus or boron. If metals are introduced into the framework of the molecular sieve already in the synthesis stage, B01J29/86 - B01J29/89 take precedence. Mixtures of molecular sieves are classified in B01J29/005 or B01J29/80 and receive indexing codes chosen from groups B01J29/03 - B01J29/89 to identify the individual constituents of these mixtures B01J29/005Mixtures of molecular sieves comprising at least one molecular sieve which is not an aluminosilicate zeolite, e.g. from groups B01J29/03 - B01J29/049 or B01J29/82 - B01J29/89 B01J29/03not having base-exchange properties B01J29/005 takes precedence B01J29/0308Mesoporous materials not having base exchange properties, e.g. Si-MCM-41 B01J29/0316containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J29/0325Noble metals B01J29/0333Iron group metals or copper B01J29/0341containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J29/035Microporous crystalline materials not having base exchange properties, such as silica polymorphs, e.g. silicalites B01J29/0352containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J29/0354Noble metals B01J29/0356Iron group metals or copper B01J29/0358containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J29/04having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites B01J29/005 takes precedence B01J29/041Mesoporous materials having base exchange properties, e.g. Si/Al-MCM-41 B01J29/042containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J29/043Noble metals B01J29/044Iron group metals or copper B01J29/045containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J29/046Chromiasilicates; Aluminochromosilicates B01J29/005 takes precedence B01J29/047Germanosilicates; Aluminogermanosilicates B01J29/005 takes precedence B01J29/048Zincosilicates, Aluminozincosilicates B01J29/005 takes precedence B01J29/049Pillared clays B01J29/06Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolitesIsomorphous compounds thereof B01J29/061containing metallic elements added to the zeolite B01J2029/062Mixtures of different aluminosilicates B01J29/064containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J29/068Noble metals B01J29/072Iron group metals or copper B01J29/076containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J29/08of the faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y B01J2029/081Increasing the silica/alumina ratio; Desalumination B01J29/082X-type faujasite B01J29/084Y-type faujasite B01J29/085containing rare earth elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin or lead B01J29/087X-type faujasite B01J29/088Y-type faujasite B01J29/10containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J29/103X-type faujasite B01J29/106Y-type faujasite B01J29/12Noble metals B01J29/123X-type faujasite B01J29/126Y-type faujasite B01J29/14Iron group metals or copper B01J29/143X-type faujasite B01J29/146Y-type faujasite B01J29/16containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J29/163X-type faujasite B01J29/166Y-type faujasite B01J29/18of the mordenite type B01J29/185containing rare earth elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin or lead B01J29/20containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J29/22Noble metals B01J29/24Iron group metals or copper B01J29/26containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J29/40of the pentasil type, e.g. types ZSM-5, ZSM-8 or ZSM-11, as exemplified by patent documents US3702886, GB1334243 and US3709979, respectively B01J29/405containing rare earth elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin or lead B01J29/42containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J29/44Noble metals B01J29/46Iron group metals or copper B01J29/48containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J29/50of the erionite or offretite type, e.g. zeolite T, as exemplified by patent document US2950952 B01J29/505containing rare earth elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin or lead B01J29/52containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J29/54Noble metals B01J29/56Iron group metals or copper B01J29/58containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J29/60of the type L, as exemplified by patent document US3216789 B01J29/605containing rare earth elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin or lead B01J29/61containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J29/62Noble metals B01J29/63Iron group metals or copper B01J29/64containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J29/65of the ferrierite type, e.g. types ZSM-21, ZSM-35 or ZSM-38, as exemplified by patent documents US4046859, US4016245 and US4046859, respectively B01J29/655containing rare earth elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin or lead B01J29/66containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J29/67Noble metals B01J29/68Iron group metals or copper B01J29/69containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J29/70of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 B01J29/7003A-type B01J29/7007Zeolite Beta B01J29/7011MAZ-type, e.g. Mazzite, Omega, ZSM-4 or LZ-202 B01J29/7015CHA-type, e.g. Chabazite, LZ-218 B01J29/7019EMT-type, e.g. EMC-2, ECR-30, CSZ-1, ZSM-3 or ZSM-20 B01J29/7023EUO-type, e.g. EU-1, TPZ-3 or ZSM-50 B01J29/7026MFS-type, e.g. ZSM-57 B01J29/703MRE-type, e.g. ZSM-48 B01J29/7034MTW-type, e.g. ZSM-12, NU-13, TPZ-12 or Theta-3 B01J29/7038MWW-type, e.g. MCM-22, ERB-1, ITQ-1, PSH-3 or SSZ-25 B01J29/7042TON-type, e.g. Theta-1, ISI-1, KZ-2, NU-10 or ZSM-22 B01J29/7046MTT-type, e.g. ZSM-23, KZ-1, ISI-4 or EU-13 B01J29/7049containing rare earth elements, titanium, zirconium, hafnium, zinc, cadmium, mercury, gallium, indium, thallium, tin or lead B01J29/7053A-type B01J29/7057Zeolite Beta B01J29/7061MAZ-type, e.g. Mazzite, Omega, ZSM-4 or LZ-202 B01J29/7065CHA-type, e.g. Chabazite, LZ-218 B01J29/7069EMT-type, e.g. EMC-2, ECR-30, CSZ-1, ZSM-3 or ZSM-20 B01J29/7073EUO-type, e.g. EU-1, TPZ-3 or ZSM-50 B01J29/7076MFS-type, e.g. ZSM-57 B01J29/708MRE-type, e.g. ZSM-48 B01J29/7084MTW-type, e.g. ZSM-12, NU-13, TPZ-12 or Theta-3 B01J29/7088MWW-type, e.g. MCM-22, ERB-1, ITQ-1, PSH-3 or SSZ-25 B01J29/7092TON-type, e.g. Theta-1, ISI-1, KZ-2, NU-10 or ZSM-22 B01J29/7096MTT-type, e.g. ZSM-23, KZ-1, ISI-4 or EU-13 B01J29/72containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J29/7207A-type B01J29/7215Zeolite Beta B01J29/7223MAZ-type, e.g. Mazzite, Omega, ZSM-4 or LZ-202 B01J29/723CHA-type, e.g. Chabazite, LZ-218 B01J29/7238EMT-type, e.g. EMC-2, ECR-30, CSZ-1, ZSM-3 or ZSM-20 B01J29/7246EUO-type, e.g. EU-1, TPZ-3 or ZSM-50 B01J29/7253MFS-type, e.g. ZSM-57 B01J29/7261MRE-type, e.g. ZSM-48 B01J29/7269MTW-type, e.g. ZSM-12, NU-13, TPZ-12 or Theta-3 B01J29/7276MWW-type, e.g. MCM-22, ERB-1, ITQ-1, PSH-3 or SSZ-25 B01J29/7284TON-type, e.g. Theta-1, ISI-1, KZ-2, NU-10 or ZSM-22 B01J29/7292MTT-type, e.g. ZSM-23, KZ-1, ISI-4 or EU-13 B01J29/74Noble metals B01J29/7407A-type B01J29/7415Zeolite Beta B01J29/7423MAZ-type, e.g. Mazzite, Omega, ZSM-4 or LZ-202 B01J29/743CHA-type, e.g. Chabazite, LZ-218 B01J29/7438EMT-type, e.g. EMC-2, ECR-30, CSZ-1, ZSM-3 or ZSM-20 B01J29/7446EUO-type, e.g. EU-1, TPZ-3 or ZSM-50 B01J29/7453MFS-type, e.g. ZSM-57 B01J29/7461MRE-type, e.g. ZSM-48 B01J29/7469MTW-type, e.g. ZSM-12, NU-13, TPZ-12 or Theta-3 B01J29/7476MWW-type, e.g. MCM-22, ERB-1, ITQ-1, PSH-3 or SSZ-25 B01J29/7484TON-type, e.g. Theta-1, ISI-1, KZ-2, NU-10 or ZSM-22 B01J29/7492MTT-type, e.g. ZSM-23, KZ-1, ISI-4 or EU-13 B01J29/76Iron group metals or copper B01J29/7607A-type B01J29/7615Zeolite Beta B01J29/7623MAZ-type, e.g. Mazzite, Omega, ZSM-4 or LZ-202 B01J29/763CHA-type, e.g. Chabazite, LZ-218 B01J29/7638EMT-type, e.g. EMC-2, ECR-30, CSZ-1, ZSM-3 or ZSM-20 B01J29/7646EUO-type, e.g. EU-1, TPZ-3 or ZSM-50 B01J29/7653MFS-type, e.g. ZSM-57 B01J29/7661MRE-type, e.g. ZSM-48 B01J29/7669MTW-type, e.g. ZSM-12, NU-13, TPZ-12 or Theta-3 B01J29/7676MWW-type, e.g. MCM-22, ERB-1, ITQ-1, PSH-3 or SSZ-25 B01J29/7684TON-type, e.g. Theta-1, ISI-1, KZ-2, NU-10 or ZSM-22 B01J29/7692MTT-type, e.g. ZSM-23, KZ-1, ISI-4 or EU-13 B01J29/78containing arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J29/7807A-type B01J29/7815Zeolite Beta B01J29/7823MAZ-type, e.g. Mazzite, Omega, ZSM-4 or LZ-202 B01J29/783CHA-type, e.g. Chabazite, LZ-218 B01J29/7838EMT-type, e.g. EMC-2, ECR-30, CSZ-1, ZSM-3 or ZSM-20 B01J29/7846EUO-type, e.g. EU-1, TPZ-3 or ZSM-50 B01J29/7853MFS-type, e.g. ZSM-57 B01J29/7861MRE-type, e.g. ZSM-48 B01J29/7869MTW-type, e.g. ZSM-12, NU-13, TPZ-12 or Theta-3 B01J29/7876MWW-type, e.g. MCM-22, ERB-1, ITQ-1, PSH-3 or SSZ-25 B01J29/7884TON-type, e.g. Theta-1, ISI-1, KZ-2, NU-10 or ZSM-22 B01J29/7892MTT-type, e.g. ZSM-23, KZ-1, ISI-4 or EU-13 B01J29/80Mixtures of different zeolites B01J29/82Phosphates B01J29/005 takes precedence B01J29/83Aluminophosphates (APO compounds) B01J29/84Aluminophosphates containing other elements, e.g. metals, boron B01J29/85Silicoaluminophosphates (SAPO compounds) B01J29/86BorosilicatesAluminoborosilicates B01J29/005 takes precedence B01J29/87GallosilicatesAluminogallosilicatesGalloborosilicates B01J29/005 takes precedence B01J29/88FerrosilicatesFerroaluminosilicates B01J29/005 takes precedence B01J29/89Silicates, aluminosilicates or borosilicates of titanium, zirconium or hafnium B01J29/005 takes precedence B01J29/90Regeneration or reactivation B01J31/00Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds catalyst compositions used only in polymerisation reactions C08 ; catalytic antibodies C12N9/0002Group B01J31/003 takes precedence over groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24 (catalytic antibodies C12N9/0002 ) In this group, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: "Organic compound" a compound in which carbon is bonded to (1)a second carbon; (2)at least one atom of hydrogen or halogen; or (3)nitrogen by a single or double bond; except cyanic acid (HOCN), cyanogen (NCCN), cyanamide (H2NCN), cyanogen halide (HalCN), hydrocyanic acid (HCN) isocyanic acid (HNCO) fulminic acid (HCNO)and metal carbides (MCCM) (catalysts comprising any of these exceptions or their salts B01J27/20 - B01J27/26. "Organometallic compounds" includes all organic compounds wherein a metal or metalloid atom is bonded directly to a carbon fragment, the latter being formally anionic, no further neutral ligands being coordinated to the metal and the compound requiring no further cations for charge balance; e.g. M(1-CR3)n with M= main group metal, n= valency of metal and R= H or hydrocarbyl. (Compounds comprising anionic organonitrogen, organooxygen and organosulfur fragments, excluding carboxylates, with a metal bonded to these heteroatoms B01J31/02 - B01J31/0254; unsaturated carbon fragments in combination with transition metals B01J31/2282. "Coordination complexes" includes any donor-acceptor compounds or complex ions comprising organic or inorganic, anionic or neutral Lewis basic ligands, attached to a Lewis acid central metal or metal ion through one or several complexing donor atoms with at least one lone-pair of electrons, e.g. N, O, S, P, to provide at least a Sigma-bond. Typically the maximum number of same or different ligands according to the coordination number, spatial requirements of the ligand and electronic configuration of the metal is bound in a predictable geometry. Complexes of neutral, cationic or anionic hydrocarbon ligands with delocalised charge and/or bonding site, e.g. Pd-olefin complexes or metallocenes, are also included (the following groups take precedence: simple hydrocarbyl metal compounds, e.g. of main group metal(loids) B01J31/12; oxoacid salts B01J31/04 - B01J31/10; other compounds comprising anionic organonitrogen, organooxygen and organosulfur fragments with a metal bonded to these heteroatoms B01J31/02 - B01J31/0254. "Organometallic complexes" includes all coordination complexes comprising a M-C bond, e.g. metal carbonyls (complex cyanides such as M4[Fe(CN)6] B01J27/26 ).Included are furthermore complexes which are not strictly organometallic per se, e.g. comprising only N, O, S and/or P coordinated ligands, but are described as involving, or known to involve, organometallic intermediates and/or transition states during use, e.g. Group 8-10 metal complexes for a variety of catalytic reactions or steps thereof, such as oxidative addition, e.g. of ArX, hydrogenation, carbonylation, epoxidation, etc. "Organic complexes" includes all coordination complexes comprising organic ligands (groups B01J31/1608 - B01J31/1895 take precedence). "Polymer" includes any macromolecular substance (typically M>10000 g/mol), which comprises repeating units made up of one or several kinds of atoms or groups of atoms, which are identically connected to one another. Oligomers, i.e. more than two identical repeating units connected to one another and typically 500<M<10000 g/mol, are grouped with the respective polymers (polymers per se C08). In this group, if two or more aspects are of equal importance, these are each classified, e.g. two components in a catalyst system such as: support and pendant or otherwise immobilised coordination complex; or coordination complex and essential additive.
However, if two components, even if separately added, are described as forming, or known to form, a coordination complex, only the latter is classified, e.g. phosphine and Group 8-10 metal such as rhodium. The groups B01J31/26 - B01J31/38 are not to be used for the central metals in coordination complexes but rather for separately added further inorganic ingredients.
Each specifically disclosed alternative is separately classified, i.e. specifically disclosed by ways of worked examples, specific claims and/or explicit alternatives therein. When classifying in B01J31/00, additional information for the catalysts is provided as follows: (4-1) the specifically disclosed intended uses are indexed in B01J2231/00; (4-2) general aspects of the complexes of group B01J31/16 and the specifically disclosed central metal(s) therein, as well as additional information regarding any special solvents used for any catalyst system of this group are indexed in B01J2531/00. (4-3) conceptual articles, e.g. reviews, are separately indexed in B01J2231/005 and B01J2531/001; (4-4) additional information regarding the complexes or ligands classified in B01J31/16 - B01J31/24 and indexed in B01J2531/00 is indexed in B01J2540/00, e.g. non-coordinating substituents on the ligand periphery B01J31/003containing enzymesIn this group, the presence of water is disregarded for classification purposes B01J31/006comprising organic radicals, e.g. TEMPO B01J31/02containing organic compounds or metal hydrides B01J31/0201Oxygen-containing compounds B01J31/0202Alcohols or phenols B01J31/0204Ethers B01J31/0205comprising carbonyl groups or oxygen-containing derivatives, e.g. acetals, ketals, cyclic peroxides B01J31/0207Aldehydes or acetals B01J31/0208Ketones or ketals B01J31/0209Esters of carboxylic or carbonic acids B01J31/0211with a metal-oxygen link B01J31/0212Alkoxylates B01J31/0214Aryloxylates, e.g. phenolates B01J31/0215Sulfur-containing compounds B01J31/0217Mercaptans or thiols B01J31/0218Sulfides B01J31/022Disulfides B01J31/0221Polysulfides B01J31/0222comprising sulfonyl groups B01J31/0224being perfluorinated, i.e. comprising at least one perfluorinated moiety as substructure in case of polyfunctional compounds B01J31/0225comprising sulfonic acid groups or the corresponding salts B01J31/0227being perfluorinated, i.e. comprising at least one perfluorinated moiety as substructure in case of polyfunctional compounds B01J31/0228with a metal-sulfur link, e.g. mercaptides B01J31/0229also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0214 B01J31/0231Halogen-containing compounds B01J31/0232also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0228 perfluorinated sulfonyl compounds or moieties B01J31/0224; perfluorosulfonic acids B01J31/0227 B01J31/0234Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds B01J31/0235Nitrogen containing compounds B01J31/0237Amines B01J31/0238with a primary amino group B01J31/0239Quaternary ammonium compounds B01J31/0241Imines or enamines B01J31/0242Enamines B01J31/0244with nitrogen contained as ring member in aromatic compounds or moieties, e.g. pyridine B01J31/0245being derivatives of carboxylic or carbonic acids B01J31/0247Imides, amides or imidates (R-C=NR(OR)) B01J31/0248Nitriles B01J31/0249Ureas (R₂N-C(=O)-NR₂) B01J31/0251Guanidides (R₂N-C(=NR)-NR₂) B01J31/0252with a metal-nitrogen link, e.g. metal amides, metal guanidides B01J31/0254on mineral substrates B01J31/0255Phosphorus containing compounds B01J31/0257Phosphorus acids or phosphorus acid esters B01J31/0258Phosphoric acid mono-, di- or triesters ((RO)(R'O)2P=O), i.e. R= C, R'= C, H B01J31/0259comprising phosphorous acid (-ester) groups ((RO)P(OR')2) or the isomeric phosphonic acid (-ester) groups (R(R'O)2P=O), i.e. R= C, R'= C, H B01J31/0261comprising phosphonous acid (-ester) groups (RP(OR')2) or the isomeric phosphinic acid (-ester) groups (R2(R'O)P=O), i.e. R= C, R'= C, H B01J31/0262comprising phosphinous acid (-ester) groups (R2P(OR')) or the isomeric phosphine oxide groups (R3P=O) , i.e. R= C, R'= C, H B01J31/0264Phosphorus acid amides B01J31/0265Phosphazenes, oligomers thereof or the corresponding phosphazenium salts polyphosphazenes per se C07F9/067 B01J31/0267Phosphines or phosphonium compounds, i.e. phosphorus bonded to at least one carbon atom, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, the other atoms bonded to phosphorus being either carbon or hydrogen B01J31/0268Phosphonium compounds, i.e. phosphine with an additional hydrogen or carbon atom bonded to phosphorous so as to result in a formal positive charge on phosphorous B01J31/0269on mineral substrates B01J31/0271also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0231 B01J31/0272containing elements other than those covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0255 B01J31/0274containing silicon ligands in coordination complexes B01J31/1608 B01J31/0275also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0269 B01J31/0277comprising ionic liquids, as components in catalyst systems or catalysts per se, the ionic liquid compounds being used in the molten state at the respective reaction temperature B01J31/0278containing nitrogen as cationic centre B01J31/0279the cationic portion being acyclic or nitrogen being a substituent on a ring B01J31/0281the nitrogen being a ring member B01J31/0282of an aliphatic ring, e.g. morpholinium B01J31/0284of an aromatic ring, e.g. pyridinium B01J31/0285also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0274 B01J31/0287containing atoms other than nitrogen as cationic centre B01J31/0288Phosphorus B01J31/0289Sulfur B01J31/0291also containing elements or functional groups covered by B01J31/0201 - B01J31/0274 B01J31/0292immobilised on a substrate B01J31/0294by polar or ionic interaction with the substrate, e.g. glass B01J31/0295by covalent attachment to the substrate, e.g. silica B01J31/0297the substrate being a soluble polymer, dendrimer or oligomer of characteristic microstructure of groups B01J31/061 - B01J31/068 B01J31/0298the ionic liquids being characterised by the counter-anions B01J31/04containing carboxylic acids or their salts B01J31/0277 - B01J31/0298 take precedence; multi-metal carboxylate complexes like Pd (II) acetate, i.e. Pd3 (OAc) 6 or Cr(II)acetate, i.e. Cr₂(OAc)₄ B01J31/2226 B01J31/06containing polymers organometallic polymers B01J31/123; polymer-bound organometallic complexes B01J31/165; coordination polymers B01J31/1691 B01J31/061Chiral polymers B01J31/062Polymeric amino acids B01J31/063Polymers comprising a characteristic microstructure B01J31/064Dendrimers B01J31/065Cyclodextrins B01J31/066Calixarenes and hetero-analogues, e.g. thiacalixarenes B01J31/067Molecularly imprinted polymers catalytic antibodies C12N9/0002 B01J31/068Polyalkylene glycols B01J31/069Hybrid organic-inorganic polymers, e.g. silica derivatized with organic groups nitrogen containing groups on mineral substrates B01J31/0254; organometallic polymers B01J31/123; coordination complexes immobilised on an inorganic support B01J31/1616; coordination polymers, e.g. metal-organic frameworks B01J31/1691 B01J31/08Ion-exchange resins B01J31/10sulfonated B01J31/12containing organo-metallic compounds or metal hydrides B01J31/121Metal hydrides B01J31/122Metal aryl or alkyl compounds B01J31/123Organometallic polymers, e.g. comprising C-Si bonds in the main chain or in subunits grafted to the main chain B01J31/064, B01J31/066, B01J31/067, B01J31/08 and B01J31/10 take precedence; polymer-bound organometallic complexes B01J31/165; coordination polymers B01J31/1691; catalysts for the preparation of polysiloxanes, e.g. Karstedt catalysts C08G77/08 B01J31/124Silicones or siloxanes or comprising such units B01J31/125Cyclic siloxanes B01J31/126the siloxanes or siloxane units, cyclic or not, comprising an additional Si-H bond, e.g. polyhydromethylsiloxane [PHMS] B01J31/127the siloxane units, e.g. silsesquioxane units, being grafted onto other polymers or inorganic supports, e.g. via an organic linker B01J31/128Mixtures of organometallic compounds B01J31/14of aluminium or boron B01J31/143of aluminium B01J31/146of boron B01J31/16containing coordination complexes B01J31/1608the ligands containing silicon B01J31/1616Coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes, immobilised on an inorganic support, e.g. ship-in-a-bottle type catalysts catalysts comprising molecular sieves B01J29/00 B01J31/1625immobilised by covalent linkages, i.e. pendant complexes with optional linking groups B01J31/1633covalent linkages via silicon containing groups B01J31/1641established via a metathesis reaction using a silicon-containing olefin B01J31/165Polymer immobilised coordination complexes, e.g. organometallic complexes B01J31/1658immobilised by covalent linkages, i.e. pendant complexes with optional linking groups, e.g. on Wang or Merrifield resins B01J31/1666the linkage established via an olefin metathesis reaction B01J31/1675the linkage being to an organometallic polymer covered by groups B01J31/123 - B01J31/127, e.g. polyhydrosiloxanes B01J31/1683the linkage being to a soluble polymer, e.g. PEG or dendrimer, i.e. molecular weight enlarged complexes B01J31/1691Coordination polymers, e.g. metal-organic frameworks [MOF] preparation of metal complexes containing carboxylic acid moieties C07C51/418; MOF's per se C07F B01J31/18containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms double metal cyanides B01J27/26; N-heterocyclic carbenes B01J31/2265 B01J31/1805the ligands containing nitrogen B01J31/181Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine B01J31/1815with more than one complexing nitrogen atom, e.g. bipyridyl, 2-aminopyridine B01J31/182comprising aliphatic or saturated rings B01J31/1825Ligands comprising condensed ring systems, e.g. acridine, carbazole B01J31/183with more than one complexing nitrogen atom, e.g. phenanthroline B01J31/1835comprising aliphatic or saturated rings B01J31/184mixed aromatic/aliphatic ring systems, e.g. indoline B01J31/1845the ligands containing phosphorus phosphines B01J31/24 B01J31/185Phosphites ((RO)3P) , their isomeric phosphonates (R(RO)2P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof B01J31/1855Triamide derivatives thereof B01J31/186Mono- or diamide derivatives thereof B01J31/1865Phosphonites (RP(OR)2) , their isomeric phosphinates (R2(RO)P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof B01J31/187Amide derivatives thereof B01J31/1875Phosphinites (R₂P(OR), their isomeric phosphine oxides (R₃P=O) and RO-substitution derivatives thereof) B01J31/188Amide derivatives thereof B01J31/1885Ligands comprising two different formal oxidation states of phosphorus in one at least bidentate ligand, e.g. phosphite/phosphinite B01J31/189containing both nitrogen and phosphorus as complexing atoms, including e.g. phosphino moieties, in one at least bidentate or bridging ligand B01J31/1895the ligands containing arsenic or antimony B01J31/20Carbonyls B01J31/22Organic complexes B01J31/2204the ligands containing oxygen or sulfur as complexing atoms B01J31/2208Oxygen, e.g. acetylacetonates B01J31/2213At least two complexing oxygen atoms present in an at least bidentate or bridging ligand B01J31/2217At least one oxygen and one nitrogen atom present as complexing atoms in an at least bidentate or bridging ligand B01J31/2221At least one oxygen and one phosphorous atom present as complexing atoms in an at least bidentate or bridging ligand B01J31/2226Anionic ligands, i.e. the overall ligand carries at least one formal negative charge B01J31/223At least two oxygen atoms present in one at least bidentate or bridging ligand B01J31/2234Beta-dicarbonyl ligands, e.g. acetylacetonates B01J31/2239Bridging ligands, e.g. OAc in Cr₂(OAc)₄, Pt₄(OAc)₈ or dicarboxylate ligands B01J31/2243At least one oxygen and one nitrogen atom present as complexing atoms in an at least bidentate or bridging ligand B01J31/2247At least one oxygen and one phosphorous atom present as complexing atoms in an at least bidentate or bridging ligand B01J31/2252Sulfonate ligands B01J31/2256being perfluorinated, i.e. comprising at least one perfluorinated moiety as substructure in case of polyfunctional ligands B01J31/226Sulfur, e.g. thiocarbamates B01J31/2265Carbenes or carbynes, i.e.(image) B01J31/2269Heterocyclic carbenes B01J31/2273with only nitrogen as heteroatomic ring members, e.g. 1,3-diarylimidazoline-2-ylidenes B01J31/2278Complexes comprising two carbene ligands differing from each other, e.g. Grubbs second generation catalysts B01J31/2282Unsaturated compounds used as ligands B01J31/2286Alkynes, e.g. acetylides B01J31/2291Olefins B01J31/2295Cyclic compounds, e.g. cyclopentadienyls B01J31/24Phosphines , i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands B01J31/2404Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring B01J31/2409with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom B01J31/2414comprising aliphatic or saturated rings B01J31/2419comprising P as ring member B01J31/2423comprising aliphatic or saturated rings B01J31/2428with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom B01J31/2433comprising aliphatic or saturated rings B01J31/2438and further hetero atoms as ring members, excluding the positions adjacent to P B01J31/2442comprising condensed ring systems B01J31/2447and phosphine-P atoms as substituents on a ring of the condensed system or on a further attached ring B01J31/2452with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom B01J31/2457comprising aliphatic or saturated rings, e.g. Xantphos B01J31/2461and phosphine-P atoms as ring members in the condensed ring system or in a further ring B01J31/2466comprising aliphatic or saturated rings B01J31/2471with more than one complexing phosphine-P atom B01J31/2476comprising aliphatic or saturated rings B01J31/248Bridged ring systems, e.g. 9-phosphabicyclononane B01J31/2485Tricyclic systems, e.g. phosphaadamantanes and hetero analogues B01J31/249Spiro-condensed ring systems B01J31/2495Ligands comprising a phosphine-P atom and one or more further complexing phosphorus atoms covered by groups B01J31/1845 - B01J31/1885, e.g. phosphine/phosphinate or phospholyl/phosphonate ligands B01J31/26containing in addition, inorganic metal compounds not provided for in groups B01J31/02 - B01J31/24 B01J31/28of the platinum group metals, iron group metals or copper B01J31/30Halides B01J31/32of manganese, technetium or rhenium B01J31/34of chromium, molybdenum or tungsten B01J31/36of vanadium, niobium or tantalum B01J31/38of titanium, zirconium or hafnium B01J31/40Regeneration or reactivation B01J31/4007of catalysts containing polymers B01J31/4015of catalysts containing metals B01J31/4023containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper B01J31/403containing iron group metals or copper B01J31/4038containing noble metals B01J31/4046containing rhodium B01J31/4053with recovery of phosphorous catalyst system constituents B01J31/4061involving membrane separation B01J31/4069involving extraction with coordinating ionic liquids or supercritical fluids, e.g. CO₂ B01J31/4076involving electrochemical processes B01J31/4084involving electromagnetic wave energy, e.g. UV or visible light B01J31/4092involving a stripping step, with stripping gas or solvent B01J33/00Protection of catalysts, e.g. by coating B01J35/00Catalysts, in general, characterised by their form or physical properties B01J35/0006Catalysts containing parts with different compositions B01J35/0013Colloids B01J35/002Catalysts characterised by their physical properties B01J35/0026Density B01J35/0033Electric or magnetic properties B01J35/004Photocatalysts B01J35/0046Physical properties of the active metal ingredient B01J35/0053metal surface area B01J35/006metal crystallite size B01J35/0066metal dispersion value, e.g. percentage or fraction B01J35/0073Distribution of the active metal ingredient B01J35/008egg-shell like B01J35/0086egg-yolk like B01J35/0093homogeneous throughout the support particle B01J35/02Solids B01J35/023Catalysts characterised by dimensions, e.g. grain size B01J35/026Form of the solid particles B01J35/08 takes precedence B01J35/04Foraminous structures, sieves, grids, honeycombs B01J35/06Fabrics or filaments B01J35/065Membranes B01J35/08Spheres B01J35/10characterised by their surface properties or porosity B01J35/1004Surface area B01J35/1009less than 10 m2/g B01J35/101410-100 m2/g B01J35/1019100-500 m2/g B01J35/1023500-1000 m2/g B01J35/1028more than 1000 m2/g B01J35/1033Pore volume B01J35/1038less than 0.5 ml/g B01J35/10420.5-1.0 ml/g B01J35/1047more than 1.0 ml/g B01J35/1052Pore diameter B01J35/1057less than 2 nm B01J35/10612-50 nm B01J35/106650-500 nm B01J35/1071500-1000 nm B01J35/1076larger than 1000 nm B01J35/108Pore distribution B01J35/1085monomodal B01J35/109bimodal B01J35/1095polymodal B01J35/12Liquids or melts B01J37/00Processes, in general, for preparing catalystsProcesses, in general, for activation of catalysts B01J37/0009Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst B01J37/0018Addition of a binding agent or of material, later completely removed among others as result of heat treatment, leaching or washing,(e.g. forming of pores; protective layer, desintegrating by heat) B01J37/0027Powdering B01J37/0036Grinding B01J37/0045Drying a slurry, e.g. spray drying B01J37/0054Drying of aerosols B01J37/0063Granulating B01J37/0072Preparation of particles, e.g. dispersion of droplets in an oil bath B01J37/0081Preparation by melting B01J37/009Preparation by separation, e.g. by filtration, decantation, screening B01J37/02Impregnation, coating or precipitation B01J37/0009 and B01J37/0018 take precedence ; protection by coating B01J33/00 B01J37/0201Impregnation B01J37/0203the impregnation liquid containing organic compounds B01J37/0205in several steps B01J37/0207Pretreatment of the support B01J37/0209involving a reaction between the support and a fluid B01J37/0211using a colloidal suspension B01J37/0213Preparation of the impregnating solution B01J37/0215Coating B01J37/0217Pretreatment of the substrate before coating B01J37/0219the coating containing organic compounds B01J37/0221of particles B01J37/0223by rotation B01J37/0225of metal substrates B01J37/0226Oxidation of the substrate, e.g. anodisation B01J37/0228in several steps B01J37/023using molten compounds B01J37/0232by pulverisation B01J37/0234Impregnation and coating simultaneously B01J37/0236Drying, e.g. preparing a suspension, adding a soluble salt and drying B01J37/0238via the gaseous phase-sublimation B01J37/024Multiple impregnation or coating B01J37/0242Coating followed by impregnation B01J37/0244Coatings comprising several layers B01J37/0246Coatings comprising a zeolite B01J37/0248Coatings comprising impregnated particles B01J37/03PrecipitationCo-precipitation B01J37/031Precipitation B01J37/033Using Hydrolysis B01J37/035Precipitation on carriers B01J37/036to form a gel or a cogel B01J37/038to form slurries or suspensions, e.g. a washcoat B01J37/04Mixing B01J37/0009, B01J37/0018 take precedence B01J37/06Washing B01J37/0009, B01J37/0018 take precedence B01J37/08Heat treatment B01J37/0009, B01J37/0018 take precedence B01J37/082Decomposition and pyrolysis B01J37/084Decomposition of carbon-containing compounds into carbon B01J37/086Decomposition of an organometallic compound, a metal complex or a metal salt of a carboxylic acid B01J37/088Decomposition of a metal salt B01J37/10in the presence of water, e.g. steam B01J37/105Hydropyrolysis B01J37/12Oxidising B01J37/14with gases containing free oxygen B01J37/16Reducing B01J37/18with gases containing free hydrogen B01J37/20Sulfiding B01J37/22Halogenating B01J37/24Chlorinating B01J37/26Fluorinating B01J37/28Phosphorising B01J37/30Ion-exchange B01J37/32Freeze drying, i.e. lyophilisation B01J37/34Irradiation by, or application of, electric, magnetic or wave energy, e.g. ultrasonic waves ; Ionic sputtering; Flame or plasma spraying; Particle radiation B01J37/341making use of electric or magnetic fields, wave energy or particle radiation use of flames, plasma or lasers B01J37/349 B01J37/342of electric, magnetic or electromagnetic fields, e.g. for magnetic separation B01J37/343of ultrasonic wave energy B01J37/344of electromagnetic wave energy B01J37/345of ultraviolet wave energy B01J37/346of microwave energy B01J37/347Ionic or cathodic spraying; Electric discharge B01J37/348Electrochemical processes, e.g. electrochemical deposition or anodisation B01J37/349making use of flames, plasmas or lasers B01J37/36Biochemical methods B01J38/00Regeneration or reactivation of catalysts, in general B01J2038/005involving supercritical treatment B01J38/02Heat treatment B01J38/04Gas or vapour treatingTreating by using liquids vaporisable upon contacting spent catalyst B01J38/06using steam B01J38/08using ammonia or derivatives thereof B01J38/10using elemental hydrogen B01J38/12Treating with free oxygen-containing gas B01J38/14with control of oxygen content in oxidation gas B01J38/16Oxidation gas comprising essentially steam and oxygen B01J38/18with subsequent reactive gas treating B01J38/20Plural distinct oxidation stages B01J38/22Moving bed, e.g. vertically or horizontally moving bulk B01J38/24having mainly transverse, i.e. lateral, flow of oxygen-containing gas and material B01J38/26having mainly counter-current flow of oxygen-containing gas and material B01J38/28having mainly concurrent flow of oxygen-containing gas and material B01J38/30in gaseous suspension, e.g. fluidised bed B01J38/32Indirectly heating or cooling material within regeneration zone or prior to entry into regeneration zone B01J38/34with plural distinct serial combustion stages B01J38/36and with substantially complete oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide within regeneration zone B01J38/38and adding heat by solid heat carrier B01J38/40and forming useful by-products B01J38/42using halogen-containing material B01J38/44and adding simultaneously or subsequently free oxygenusing oxyhalogen compound B01J38/46fluorine-containing B01J38/48Liquid treating or treating in liquid phase, e.g. dissolved or suspended B01J38/485Impregnating or reimpregnating with, or deposition of metal compounds or catalytically active elements B01J38/50using organic liquids B01J38/52oxygen-containing B01J38/54halogen-containing B01J38/56Hydrocarbons B01J38/58and gas addition thereto B01J38/60using acids B01J38/62organic B01J38/64using alkaline materialusing salts B01J38/66using ammonia or derivatives thereof B01J38/68including substantial dissolution or chemical precipitation of a catalyst component in the ultimate reconstitution of the catalyst B01J38/70Wet oxidation of material submerged in liquid B01J38/72including segregation of diverse particles B01J38/74utilising ion-exchange B01J39/00Ion-exchange treatment of milk A23C9/14; separation by liquid ion-exchangers B01D, e.g. B01D11/00; separation of isotopes B01D59/00; compounds er se, see the relevant classes, e.g. C01, C07, C08; treatment of water C02F1/42; refining of hydrocarbon oils, in the absence of hydrogen, with solid sorbents C10G25/00; purification of sugar juices C13B20/14; extraction of sugar from molasses C13B35/06; extraction of metal compounds from ores or concentrates by wet processes C22B3/00; using ion-exchange for investigating or analysing materials G01N30/96; treating radioactively contaminated material G21F9/12 In groups B01J39/00 - B01J49/00: Ion-exchange covers all processes whereby ions are exchanged between the solid exchanger and the liquid to be treated and wherein the exchanger is not soluble in the liquid to be treatedIon-exchange processes cover also ion-exchange in combination with complex or chelate forming reactions.In groups B01J39/00 - B01J49/00, the last place priority rule is applied, i.e. at each hierarchical level, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place. In groups B01J39/00 - B01J49/00, it is desirable to classify other constituents by using Combination sets with symbols chosen from B01J39/00 and subgroups and B01J41/00 and subgroups. B01J39/00Cation exchangeUse of material as cation exchangersTreatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties ion-exchange chromatography processes B01D15/36 B01J39/02Processes using inorganic exchangers B01J39/04Processes using organic exchangers B01J39/05in the strongly acidic form B01J39/07in the weakly acidic form B01J39/08Use of material as cation exchangersTreatment of material for improving the cation exchange properties B01J39/09Inorganic material B01J39/10Oxides or hydroxides B01J39/12Compounds containing phosphorus B01J39/14Base exchange silicates, e.g. zeolites B01J39/16Organic material B01J39/17containing also inorganic materials, e.g. inert material coated with an ion-exchange resin B01J39/18Macromolecular compounds B01J39/17 takes precedence B01J39/19obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds B01J39/20obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds B01J39/22Cellulose or woodDerivatives thereof B01J39/24Carbon, coal or tar B01J39/26Cation exchangers for chromatographic processes B01J41/00Anion exchangeUse of material as anion exchangersTreatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties ion-exchange chromatography processes B01D15/36 B01J41/02Processes using inorganic exchangers B01J41/04Processes using organic exchangers B01J41/05in the strongly basic form B01J41/07in the weakly basic form B01J41/08Use of material as anion exchangersTreatment of material for improving the anion exchange properties B01J41/09Organic material B01J41/10Inorganic material B01J41/12Macromolecular compounds B01J41/13obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds B01J41/14obtained by reactions only involving unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bonds B01J41/16Cellulose or woodDerivatives thereof B01J41/18Carbon, coal or tar B01J41/20Anion exchangers for chromatographic processes B01J43/00Amphoteric ion-exchange, i.e. using ion-exchangers having cationic and anionic groupsUse of material as amphoteric ion-exchangersTreatment of material for improving their amphoteric ion-exchange properties ion-exchange chromatography processes B01D15/36 B01J45/00Ion-exchange in which a complex or a chelate is formedUse of material as complex or chelate forming ion-exchangersTreatment of material for improving the complex or chelate forming ion-exchange properties ion-exchange chromatography processes B01D15/36 B01J47/00Ion-exchange processes in generalApparatus therefor ion-exchange chromatography processes or apparatus B01D15/08 B01J47/011using batch processes B01J47/012using portable ion-exchange apparatus B01J47/014in which the adsorbent properties of the ion-exchanger are involved, e.g. recovery of proteins or other high-molecular compounds B01J47/015Electron-exchangers B01J47/016Modification or after-treatment of ion-exchangers B01J47/018GranulationIncorporation of ion-exchangers in a matrixMixing with inert materials B01J47/019Mixtures in form of tablets B01J47/02Column or bed processes B01J47/022characterised by the construction of the column or container B01J47/024where the ion-exchangers are in a removable cartridge B01J47/026using columns or beds of different ion exchange materials in series B01J47/028with alternately arranged cationic and anionic exchangers B01J47/04Mixed-bed processes B01J47/06during which the ion-exchange material is subjected to a physical treatment, e.g. heat, electric current, irradiation or vibration electrodialysis or electro-osmosis B01D61/42 B01J47/08subjected to a direct electric current B01J47/10with moving ion-exchange materialwith ion-exchange material in suspension or in fluidised-bed form B01J47/11in rotating beds B01J47/12characterised by the use of ion-exchange material in the form of ribbons, filaments, fibres or sheets, e.g. membranes electrodialysis or electro-osmosis B01D61/42 B01J47/127in the form of filaments or fibres B01J47/133Precoat filters B01J47/14Controlling or regulating B01J47/15for obtaining a solution having a fixed pH B01J49/00Regeneration or reactivation of ion-exchangersApparatus therefor ion-exchange chromatography processes or apparatus B01D15/08 B01J49/05of fixed beds B01J49/06containing cationic exchangers B01J49/07containing anionic exchangers B01J49/08containing cationic and anionic exchangers in separate beds B01J49/09of mixed beds B01J49/10of moving beds B01J49/12containing cationic exchangers B01J49/14containing anionic exchangers B01J49/16containing cationic and anionic exchangers in separate beds B01J49/18of mixed beds B01J49/20of membranes B01J49/30Electrical regeneration B01J49/40Thermal regeneration B01J49/45of amphoteric ion-exchangers B01J49/50characterised by the regeneration reagents B01J49/53for cationic exchangers B01J49/57for anionic exchangers B01J49/60Cleaning or rinsing ion-exchange beds B01J49/70for large scale industrial processes or applications B01J49/75of water softeners B01J49/80Automatic regeneration B01J49/85Controlling or regulating devices therefor B01J49/90having devices which prevent back-flow of the ion-exchange mass during regeneration B01J2203/00 B01J2203/00Processes utilising sub- or super atmospheric pressure B01J2203/06High pressure synthesis B01J2203/0605Composition of the material to be processed B01J2203/061Graphite B01J2203/0615Fullerene B01J2203/062Diamond B01J2203/0625Carbon B01J2203/063Carbides B01J2203/0635Silicon carbide B01J2203/064Carbonates B01J2203/0645Boronitrides B01J2203/065Composition of the material produced B01J2203/0655Diamond B01J2203/066Boronitrides B01J2203/0665Gallium nitrides B01J2203/067Aluminium nitrides B01J2203/0675Structural or physico-chemical features of the materials processed B01J2203/068Crystal growth B01J2203/0685Crystal sintering B01J2203/069Recrystallisation B01J2203/0695Colour change B01J2204/00Aspects relating to feed or outlet devicesRegulating devices for feed or outlet devices B01J2204/002the feeding side being of particular interest B01J2204/005the outlet side being of particular interest B01J2204/007Aspects relating to the heat-exchange of the feed or outlet devices B01J2208/00Processes carried out in the presence of solid particlesReactors therefor B01J2208/00008Controlling the process B01J2208/00017Controlling the temperature B01J2208/00026Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system B01J2208/00035involving measured parameters B01J2208/00044Temperature measurement B01J2208/00053of the heat exchange medium B01J2208/00061of the reactants B01J2208/0007Pressure measurement B01J2208/00079Fluid level measurement B01J2208/00088Flow rate measurement B01J2208/00097Mathematical modelling B01J2208/00106by indirect heat exchange B01J2208/00115with heat exchange elements inside the bed of solid particles B01J2208/00123Fingers B01J2208/00132Tubes B01J2208/00141Coils B01J2208/0015PlatesCylinders B01J2208/00159Radially arranged plates B01J2208/00168with heat exchange elements outside the bed of solid particles B01J2208/00176outside the reactor B01J2208/00185Fingers B01J2208/00194Tubes B01J2208/00203Coils B01J2208/00212PlatesJacketsCylinders B01J2208/00221comprising baffles for guiding the flow of the heat exchange medium B01J2208/0023with some catalyst tubes being empty, e.g. dummy tubes or flow-adjusting rods B01J2208/00238Adjusting the heat-exchange profile by adapting catalyst tubes or the distribution thereof, e.g. by using inserts in some of the tubes or adding external fins B01J2208/00247Reflux columns B01J2208/00256in a heat exchanger for the heat exchange medium separate from the reactor B01J2208/00265Part of all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling B01J2208/00274involving reactant vapours B01J2208/00283involving reactant liquids B01J2208/00292involving reactant solids B01J2208/003involving reactant slurries B01J2208/00309with two or more reactions in heat exchange with each other, such as an endothermic reaction in heat exchange with an exothermic reaction B01J2208/00318Heat exchange inside a feeding nozzle or nozzle reactor B01J2208/00327by direct heat exchange B01J2208/00336adding a temperature modifying medium to the reactants B01J2208/00345Cryogenic coolants B01J2208/00353Non-cryogenic fluids B01J2208/00362Liquid B01J2208/00371gaseous B01J2208/0038Solids B01J2208/00389using electric heating or cooling elements B01J2208/00398inside the reactor bed B01J2208/00407outside the reactor bed B01J2208/00415electric resistance heaters B01J2208/00424Peltier cooling elements B01J2208/00433using electromagnetic heating B01J2208/00442Microwaves B01J2208/00451SunlightVisible light B01J2208/0046Infrared radiation B01J2208/00469Radiofrequency B01J2208/00477by thermal insulation means B01J2208/00486Vacuum spaces B01J2208/00495using insulating materials or refractories B01J2208/00504by means of a burner B01J2208/00513using inert heat absorbing solids in the bed B01J2208/00522using inert heat absorbing solids outside the bed B01J2208/0053Controlling multiple zones along the direction of flow, e.g. pre-heating and after-cooling B01J2208/00539Pressure B01J2208/00548Flow B01J2208/00557controlling the residence time inside the reactor vessel B01J2208/00566Pulsated flow B01J2208/00575Controlling the viscosity B01J2208/00584Controlling the density B01J2208/00592Controlling the pH B01J2208/00601Controlling the conductivity B01J2208/0061Controlling the level B01J2208/00619Controlling the weight B01J2208/00628Controlling the composition of the reactive mixture B01J2208/00637Means for stopping or slowing down the reaction B01J2208/00646Means for starting up the reaction B01J2208/00654by measures relating to the particulate material B01J2208/00663Concentration B01J2208/00672Particle size selection B01J2208/00681Agglomeration B01J2208/0069Attrition B01J2208/00699Moisture content regulation B01J2208/00707Fouling B01J2208/00716Means for reactor start-up B01J2208/00725Mathematical modelling B01J2208/00734Controlling static charge B01J2208/00743Feeding or discharging of solids B01J2208/00752Feeding B01J2208/00761Discharging B01J2208/00769Details of feeding or discharging B01J2208/00778Kinetic energy reducing devices in the flow channel B01J2208/00787Bringing the solid in the form of a slurry before feeding it to the reactor B01J2208/00796Details of the reactor or of the particulate material B01J2208/00805Details of the particulate material B01J2208/00814the particulate material being provides in prefilled containers B01J2208/00823Mixing elements B01J2208/00831Stationary elements B01J2208/0084inside the bed, e.g. baffles B01J2208/00849outside the bed, e.g. baffles B01J2208/00858Moving elements B01J2208/00867inside the bed, e.g. rotary mixer B01J2208/00876outside the bed, e.g. rotary mixer B01J2208/00884Means for supporting the bed of particles, e.g. grids, bars, perforated plates B01J2208/00893Feeding means for the reactants B01J2208/00902Nozzle-type feeding elements B01J2208/00911Sparger-type feeding elements B01J2208/0092Perforated plates B01J2208/00929Provided with baffles B01J2208/00938Flow distribution elements B01J2208/00946Features relating to the reactants or products B01J2208/00955Sampling of the particulate material, the reactants or the products B01J2208/00964Reactants B01J2208/00973Products B01J2208/00982Particulate material B01J2208/00991Disengagement zone in fluidised-bed reactors B01J2208/02with stationary particles B01J2208/021comprising a plurality of beds with flow of reactants in parallel B01J2208/022Plate-type reactors filled with granular catalyst B01J2208/023Details B01J2208/024Particulate material B01J2208/025Two or more types of catalyst B01J2208/026comprising nanocatalysts B01J2208/027Beds B01J2208/028rotating B01J2208/06Details of tube reactors containing solid particles B01J2208/065Heating or cooling the reactor B01J2219/00Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in generalTheir relevant apparatus B01J2219/00002Chemical plants B01J2219/00004Scale aspects B01J2219/00006Large-scale industrial plants B01J2219/00009Pilot-scale plants B01J2219/00011Laboratory-scale plants B01J2219/00013Miniplants B01J2219/00015Scale-up B01J2219/00018Construction aspects B01J2219/0002Plants assembled from modules joined together B01J2219/00022Plants mounted on pallets or skids B01J2219/00024Revamping, retrofitting or modernisation of existing plants B01J2219/00027Process aspects B01J2219/00029Batch processes B01J2219/00031Semi-batch or fed-batch processes B01J2219/00033Continuous processes B01J2219/00036Intermittent processes B01J2219/00038Processes in parallel B01J2219/0004Processes in series B01J2219/00042Features relating to reactants and process fluids B01J2219/00045Green chemistry B01J2219/00047Ionic liquids B01J2219/00049Controlling or regulating processes B01J2219/00051Controlling the temperature B01J2219/00054Controlling or regulating the heat exchange system B01J2219/00056involving measured parameters B01J2219/00058Temperature measurement B01J2219/0006of the heat exchange medium B01J2219/00063of the reactants B01J2219/00065Pressure measurement B01J2219/00067Liquid level measurement B01J2219/00069Flow rate measurement B01J2219/00072Mathematical modelling B01J2219/00074by indirect heating or cooling employing heat exchange fluids B01J2219/00076with heat exchange elements inside the reactor B01J2219/00078Fingers B01J2219/00081Tubes B01J2219/00083Coils B01J2219/00085PlatesJacketsCylinders B01J2219/00087with heat exchange elements outside the reactor B01J2219/0009Coils B01J2219/00092Tubes B01J2219/00094Jackets B01J2219/00096Plates B01J2219/00099the reactor being immersed in the heat exchange medium B01J2219/00101Reflux columns B01J2219/00103in a heat exchanger separate from the reactor B01J2219/00105part or all of the reactants being heated or cooled outside the reactor while recycling B01J2219/00108involving reactant vapours B01J2219/0011involving reactant liquids B01J2219/00112involving reactant solids B01J2219/00114involving reactant slurries B01J2219/00117with two or more reactions in heat exchange with each other, such as an endothermic reaction in heat exchange with an exothermic reaction B01J2219/00119Heat exchange inside a feeding nozzle or nozzle reactor B01J2219/00121by direct heating or cooling B01J2219/00123adding a temperature modifying medium to the reactants B01J2219/00126Cryogenic coolants B01J2219/00128by evaporation of reactants B01J2219/0013by condensation of reactants B01J2219/00132using electric heating or cooling elements B01J2219/00135Electric resistance heaters B01J2219/00137Peltier cooling elements B01J2219/00139using electromagnetic heating B01J2219/00141Microwaves B01J2219/00144SunlightVisible light B01J2219/00146Infrared radiation B01J2219/00148Radiofrequency B01J2219/0015by thermal insulation means B01J2219/00153Vacuum spaces B01J2219/00155using insulating materials or refractories B01J2219/00157by means of a burner B01J2219/00159controlling multiple zones along the direction of flow, e.g. pre-heating and after-cooling B01J2219/00162controlling the pressure B01J2219/00164controlling the flow B01J2219/00166controlling the residence time inside the reactor vessel B01J2219/00168controlling the viscosity B01J2219/00171controlling the density B01J2219/00173Physical density B01J2219/00175Optical density B01J2219/00177controlling the pH B01J2219/0018controlling the conductivity B01J2219/00182controlling the level of reactants in the reactor vessel B01J2219/00184controlling the weight of reactants in the reactor vessel B01J2219/00186controlling the composition of the reactive mixture B01J2219/00189controlling the stirring velocity B01J2219/00191Control algorithm B01J2219/00193Sensing a parameter B01J2219/00195of the reaction system B01J2219/00198at the reactor inlet B01J2219/002inside the reactor B01J2219/00202at the reactor outlet B01J2219/00204of the heat exchange system B01J2219/00207other than of the reactor heat exchange system B01J2219/00209transforming a sensed parameter B01J2219/00211comparing a sensed parameter with a pre-set value B01J2219/00213Fixed parameter value B01J2219/00216Parameter value calculated by equations B01J2219/00218Dynamically variable (in-line) parameter values B01J2219/0022calculating difference B01J2219/00222taking actions B01J2219/00225stopping the system or generating an alarm B01J2219/00227modifying the operating conditions B01J2219/00229of the reaction system B01J2219/00231at the reactor inlet B01J2219/00234inside the reactor B01J2219/00236at the reactor outlet B01J2219/00238of the heat exchange system B01J2219/0024other than of the reactor or heat exchange system B01J2219/00243Mathematical modelling B01J2219/00245Avoiding undesirable reactions or side-effects B01J2219/00247Fouling of the reactor or the process equipment B01J2219/0025Foam formation B01J2219/00252Formation of deposits other than coke B01J2219/00254Formation of unwanted polymer, such as "pop-corn" B01J2219/00256Leakage B01J2219/00259Preventing runaway of the chemical reaction B01J2219/00261Predicting runaway of the chemical reaction B01J2219/00263Preventing explosion of the chemical mixture B01J2219/00265Preventing flame propagation B01J2219/00268Detecting faulty operations B01J2219/0027Pressure relief B01J2219/00272Addition of reaction inhibitor B01J2219/00274Sequential or parallel reactionsApparatus and devices for combinatorial chemistry or for making arraysChemical library technology B01J2219/00277Apparatus B01J2219/00279Features relating to reactor vessels B01J2219/00281Individual reactor vessels B01J2219/00283Reactor vessels with top opening B01J2219/00286Reactor vessels with top and bottom openings B01J2219/00288in the shape of syringes B01J2219/0029with pistons or plungers B01J2219/00292in the shape of pipette tips B01J2219/00295the reactor vessels having pervious side walls B01J2219/00297"Tea bags" B01J2219/00299Generally cylindrical reactor vessels B01J2219/00301the reactor vessels having impervious side walls B01J2219/00304Pouches B01J2219/00306Reactor vessels in a multiple arrangement B01J2219/00308interchangeably mounted in racks or blocks B01J2219/0031the racks or blocks being mounted in stacked arrangements B01J2219/00313the reactor vessels being formed by arrays of wells in blocks B01J2219/00315Microtiter plates B01J2219/00317Microwell devices, i.e. having large numbers of wells B01J2219/00319the blocks being mounted in stacked arrangements B01J2219/00322the individual reactor vessels being arranged serially in stacks B01J2219/00324the reactor vessels or wells being arranged in plates moving in parallel to each other B01J2219/00326Movement by rotation B01J2219/00328Movement by linear translation B01J2219/00331Details of the reactor vessels B01J2219/00333Closures attached to the reactor vessels B01J2219/00335Septa B01J2219/00337Valves B01J2219/0034in the shape of a ball or sphere B01J2219/00342rotary B01J2219/00344Caps B01J2219/00346Screw-caps B01J2219/00349Spheres B01J2219/00351Means for dispensing and evacuation of reagents B01J2219/00353Pumps B01J2219/00355peristaltic B01J2219/00358electrode driven B01J2219/0036Nozzles B01J2219/00362Acoustic nozzles B01J2219/00364Pipettes B01J2219/00367capillary B01J2219/00369in multiple or parallel arrangements B01J2219/00371comprising electrodes B01J2219/00373Hollow needles B01J2219/00376in multiple or parallel arrangements B01J2219/00378Piezo-electric or ink jet dispensers B01J2219/0038Drawing B01J2219/00382Stamping B01J2219/00385Printing B01J2219/00387Applications using probes B01J2219/00389Feeding through valves B01J2219/00391Rotary valves B01J2219/00394in multiple arrangements B01J2219/00396Membrane valves B01J2219/00398in multiple arrangements B01J2219/004Pinch valves B01J2219/00403in multiple arrangements B01J2219/00405Sliding valves B01J2219/00407In multiple arrangements B01J2219/00409Solenoids in combination with valves B01J2219/00412In multiple arrangements B01J2219/00414using suction B01J2219/00416Vacuum B01J2219/00418using pressure B01J2219/00421using centrifugation B01J2219/00423using filtration, e.g. through porous frits B01J2219/00425using decantation B01J2219/00427using masks B01J2219/0043for direct application of reagents, e.g. through openings in a shutter B01J2219/00432Photolithographic masks B01J2219/00434Liquid crystal masks B01J2219/00436Maskless processes B01J2219/00439using micromirror arrays B01J2219/00441using lasers B01J2219/00443Thin film deposition B01J2219/00445Ion implantation B01J2219/00448using microlens arrays B01J2219/0045using optical fibres B01J2219/00452Means for the recovery of reactants or products B01J2219/00454by chemical cleavage from the solid support B01J2219/00457Dispensing or evacuation of the solid phase support B01J2219/00459Beads B01J2219/00461Beads and reaction vessel together B01J2219/00463Directed sorting B01J2219/00466in a slurry B01J2219/00468by manipulation of individual beads B01J2219/0047Pins B01J2219/00472Replaceable crowns B01J2219/00475Sheets B01J2219/00477Means for pressurising the reaction vessels B01J2219/00479Means for mixing reactants or products in the reaction vessels B01J2219/00481by the use of moving stirrers within the reaction vessels B01J2219/00484by shaking, vibrating or oscillating of the reaction vessels B01J2219/00486by sonication or ultrasonication B01J2219/00488by rotation of the reaction vessels B01J2219/0049by centrifugation B01J2219/00493by sparging or bubbling with gases B01J2219/00495Means for heating or cooling the reaction vessels B01J2219/00497Features relating to the solid phase supports B01J2219/005Beads B01J2219/00502Particles of irregular geometry B01J2219/00504Pins B01J2219/00506with removable crowns B01J2219/00509Microcolumns B01J2219/00511Walls of reactor vessels B01J2219/00513Essentially linear supports B01J2219/00515in the shape of strings B01J2219/00518in the shape of tapes B01J2219/0052in the shape of elongated tubes B01J2219/00522in a multiple parallel arrangement B01J2219/00524in the shape of fiber bundles B01J2219/00527Sheets B01J2219/00529DNA chips B01J2219/00531essentially square B01J2219/00533essentially rectangular B01J2219/00536in the shape of disks B01J2219/00538in the shape of cylinders B01J2219/0054Means for coding or tagging the apparatus or the reagents B01J2219/00542Alphanumeric characters B01J2219/00545Colours B01J2219/00547Bar codes B01J2219/005492-dimensional B01J2219/005513-dimensional B01J2219/00554Physical means B01J2219/00556Perforations B01J2219/00558Cuts-out B01J2219/0056Raised or sunken areas B01J2219/00563Magnetic means B01J2219/00565Electromagnetic means B01J2219/00567Transponder chips B01J2219/00569EEPROM memory devices B01J2219/00572Chemical means B01J2219/00574radioactive B01J2219/00576fluorophore B01J2219/00578electrophoric B01J2219/00581Mass B01J2219/00583Features relative to the processes being carried out B01J2219/00585Parallel processes B01J2219/00587High throughput processes B01J2219/0059Sequential processes B01J2219/00592Split-and-pool, mix-and-divide processes B01J2219/00594Gas-phase processes B01J2219/00596Solid-phase processes B01J2219/00599Solution-phase processes B01J2219/00601High-pressure processes B01J2219/00603Making arrays on substantially continuous surfaces B01J2219/00605the compounds being directly bound or immobilised to solid supports B01J2219/00608DNA chips B01J2219/0061The surface being organic B01J2219/00612the surface being inorganic B01J2219/00614Delimitation of the attachment areas B01J2219/00617by chemical means B01J2219/00619using hydrophilic or hydrophobic regions B01J2219/00621by physical means, e.g. trenches, raised areas B01J2219/00623Immobilisation or binding B01J2219/00626Covalent B01J2219/00628Ionic B01J2219/0063Other, e.g. van der Waals forces, hydrogen bonding B01J2219/00632Introduction of reactive groups to the surface B01J2219/00635by reactive plasma treatment B01J2219/00637by coating it with another layer B01J2219/00639the compounds being trapped in or bound to a porous medium B01J2219/00641the porous medium being continuous, e.g. porous oxide substrates B01J2219/00644the porous medium being present in discrete locations, e.g. gel pads B01J2219/00646the compounds being bound to beads immobilised on the solid supports B01J2219/00648by the use of solid beads B01J2219/0065by the use of liquid beads B01J2219/00653the compounds being bound to electrodes embedded in or on the solid supports B01J2219/00655the compounds being bound to magnets embedded in or on the solid supports B01J2219/00657One-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00659Two-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00662Two-dimensional arrays within two-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00664Three-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00666One-dimensional arrays within three-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00668Two-dimensional arrays within three-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00671Three-dimensional arrays within three-dimensional arrays B01J2219/00673Slice arrays B01J2219/00675In-situ synthesis on the substrate B01J2219/00677Ex-situ synthesis followed by deposition on the substrate B01J2219/0068Means for controlling the apparatus of the process B01J2219/00682Manual means B01J2219/00684Semi-automatic means B01J2219/00686Automatic B01J2219/00689using computers B01J2219/00691using robots B01J2219/00693Means for quality control B01J2219/00695Synthesis control routines, e.g. using computer programs B01J2219/00698Measurement and control of process parameters B01J2219/007Simulation or vitual synthesis B01J2219/00702Processes involving means for analysing and characterising the products B01J2219/00704integrated with the reactor apparatus B01J2219/00707separated from the reactor apparatus B01J2219/00709Type of synthesis B01J2219/00711Light-directed synthesis B01J2219/00713Electrochemical synthesis B01J2219/00716Heat activated synthesis B01J2219/00718Type of compounds synthesised B01J2219/0072Organic compounds B01J2219/00722Nucleotides B01J2219/00725Peptides B01J2219/00727Glycopeptides B01J2219/00729Peptide nucleic acids [PNA] B01J2219/00731Saccharides B01J2219/00734Lipids B01J2219/00736Non-biologic macromolecules, e.g. polymeric compounds B01J2219/00738Organic catalysts B01J2219/0074Biological products B01J2219/00743Cells B01J2219/00745Inorganic compounds B01J2219/00747Catalysts B01J2219/0075Metal based compounds B01J2219/00752Alloys B01J2219/00754Metal oxides B01J2219/00756Compositions, e.g. coatings, crystals, formulations B01J2219/00759Purification of compounds synthesised B01J2219/00761Details of the reactor B01J2219/00763Baffles B01J2219/00765Baffles attached to the reactor wall B01J2219/00768vertical B01J2219/0077inclined B01J2219/00772in a helix B01J2219/00774in the form of cones B01J2219/00777horizontal B01J2219/00779Baffles attached to the stirring means B01J2219/00781Aspects relating to microreactors B01J2219/00783Laminate assemblies, i.e. the reactor comprising a stack of plates B01J2219/00786Geometry of the plates B01J2219/00788Three-dimensional assemblies, i.e. the reactor comprising a form other than a stack of plates B01J2219/0079Monolith-base structure B01J2219/00792One or more tube-shaped elements B01J2219/00795Spiral-shaped B01J2219/00797Concentric tubes B01J2219/00799Cup-shaped B01J2219/00801Means to assemble B01J2219/00804Plurality of plates B01J2219/00806Frames B01J2219/00808Sealing means B01J2219/0081Plurality of modules B01J2219/00813Fluidic connections B01J2219/00815Electric connections B01J2219/00817Support structures B01J2219/00819Materials of construction B01J2219/00822Metal B01J2219/00824Ceramic B01J2219/00826Quartz B01J2219/00828Silicon wafers or plates B01J2219/00831Glass B01J2219/00833Plastic B01J2219/00835Comprising catalytically active material B01J2219/00837comprising coatings other than catalytically active coatings B01J2219/0084For changing surface tension B01J2219/00842For protection channel surface, e.g. corrosion protection B01J2219/00844Comprising porous material B01J2219/00846comprising nanostructures, e.g. nanotubes B01J2219/00849comprising packing elements, e.g. glass beads B01J2219/00851Additional features B01J2219/00853Employing electrode arrangements B01J2219/00855Surface features B01J2219/00858Aspects relating to the size of the reactor B01J2219/0086Dimensions of the flow channels B01J2219/00862Dimensions of the reaction cavity itself B01J2219/00864Channel sizes in the nanometer range, e.g. nanoreactors B01J2219/00867Microreactors placed in series, on the same or on different supports B01J2219/00869Microreactors placed in parallel, on the same or on different supports B01J2219/00871Modular assembly B01J2219/00873Heat exchange B01J2219/00876Insulation elements B01J2219/00878Vacuum spaces B01J2219/0088Peltier-type elements B01J2219/00882Electromagnetic heating B01J2219/00885Thin film heaters B01J2219/00887Deflection means for heat or irradiation B01J2219/00889Mixing micromixers B01F33/30 B01J2219/00891Feeding or evacuation B01J2219/00894More than two inlets B01J2219/00896Changing inlet or outlet cross-section, e.g. pressure-drop compensation B01J2219/00898Macro-to-Micro (M2M) B01J2219/009Pulsating flow B01J2219/00903Segmented flow B01J2219/00905Separation B01J2219/00907using membranes B01J2219/00909using filters B01J2219/00912by electrophoresis B01J2219/00914by dielectrophoresis B01J2219/00916by chromatography B01J2219/00918by adsorption B01J2219/00921by absorption B01J2219/00923by surface tension B01J2219/00925Irradiation B01J2219/00927Particle radiation or gamma-radiation B01J2219/0093Electric or magnetic energy B01J2219/00932Sonic or ultrasonic vibrations B01J2219/00934Electromagnetic waves B01J2219/00936UV-radiations B01J2219/00939X-rays B01J2219/00941Microwaves B01J2219/00943Visible light, e.g. sunlight B01J2219/00945Infra-red light B01J2219/00948Radiofrequency B01J2219/0095Control aspects B01J2219/00952Sensing operations B01J2219/00954Measured properties B01J2219/00957Compositions or concentrations B01J2219/00959Flow B01J2219/00961Temperature B01J2219/00963Pressure B01J2219/00966pH B01J2219/00968Type of sensors B01J2219/0097Optical sensors B01J2219/00972Visible light B01J2219/00975Ultraviolet light B01J2219/00977Infrared light B01J2219/00979Acoustic sensors B01J2219/00981Gas sensors B01J2219/00984Residence time B01J2219/00986Microprocessor B01J2219/00988Leakage B01J2219/0099Cleaning B01J2219/00993Design aspects B01J2219/00995Mathematical modeling B01J2219/00997Strategical arrangements of multiple microreactor systems B01J2219/02Apparatus characterised by their chemically-resistant properties B01J2219/0204comprising coatings on the surfaces in direct contact with the reactive components B01J2219/0209of glass B01J2219/0213of enamel B01J2219/0218of ceramic B01J2219/0222of porcelain B01J2219/0227of graphite B01J2219/0231of diamond B01J2219/0236Metal based B01J2219/024Metal oxides B01J2219/0245of synthetic organic material B01J2219/025characterised by the construction materials of the reactor vessel proper B01J2219/0254Glass B01J2219/0259Enamel B01J2219/0263Ceramic B01J2219/0268Porcelain B01J2219/0272Graphite B01J2219/0277Metal based B01J2219/0281Metal oxides B01J2219/0286Steel B01J2219/029Non-ferrous metals B01J2219/0295Synthetic organic materials B01J2219/08Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiationApparatus therefor B01J2219/0801Controlling the process B01J2219/0803employing electric or magnetic energy B01J2219/0805giving rise to electric discharges B01J2219/0807involving electrodes B01J2219/0809employing two or more electrodes B01J2219/0811employing three electrodes B01J2219/0813employing four electrodes B01J2219/0815involving stationary electrodes B01J2219/0816involving moving electrodes B01J2219/0818Rotating electrodes B01J2219/082Sliding electrodes B01J2219/0822The electrode being consumed B01J2219/0824Details relating to the shape of the electrodes B01J2219/0826essentially linear B01J2219/0828Wires B01J2219/083cylindrical B01J2219/0832essentially toroidal B01J2219/0833forming part of a full circle B01J2219/0835substantially flat B01J2219/0837Details relating to the material of the electrodes B01J2219/0839Carbon B01J2219/0841Metal B01J2219/0843Ceramic B01J2219/0845Details relating to the type of discharge B01J2219/0847Glow discharge B01J2219/0849Corona pulse discharge B01J2219/085creating magnetic fields B01J2219/0852employing permanent magnets B01J2219/0854employing electromagnets B01J2219/0856employing a combination of permanent and electromagnets B01J2219/0858employing moving elements B01J2219/086Moving (electro)magnets B01J2219/0862employing multiple (electro)magnets B01J2219/0864Three (electro)magnets B01J2219/0866Four (electro)magnets B01J2219/0867Six or more (electro)magnets B01J2219/0869Feeding or evacuating the reactor B01J2219/0871Heating or cooling of the reactor B01J2219/0873Materials to be treated B01J2219/0875Gas B01J2219/0877Liquid B01J2219/0879Solid B01J2219/0881Two or more materials B01J2219/0883Gas-gas B01J2219/0884Gas-liquid B01J2219/0886Gas-solid B01J2219/0888Liquid-liquid B01J2219/089Liquid-solid B01J2219/0892involving catalytically active material B01J2219/0894Processes carried out in the presence of a plasma B01J2219/0896Cold plasma B01J2219/0898Hot plasma B01J2219/12Processes employing electromagnetic waves B01J2219/1203Incoherent waves B01J2219/1206Microwaves B01J2219/1209Features relating to the reactor or vessel B01J2219/1212Arrangements of the reactor or the reactors B01J2219/1215Single reactor B01J2219/1218Multiple reactors B01J2219/1221the reactor per se B01J2219/1224Form of the reactor B01J2219/1227Reactors comprising tubes with open ends B01J2219/123Vessels in the form of a cup B01J2219/1233Closure means, such as lids, caps, seals B01J3/03 takes precedence; pressure relief systems in the lid, e.g. rupture discs B01J2219/0027 B01J2219/1236Frames for holding the lid in place B01J2219/1239Means for feeding and evacuation B01J2219/1242Materials of construction B01J2219/1245Parts of the reactor being microwave absorbing, dielectric B01J2219/1248Features relating to the microwave cavity B01J2219/1251Support for the reaction vessel B01J2219/1254Static supports B01J2219/1257Rotating supports B01J2219/126in the form of a closed housing B01J2219/1263in the form of a open housing or stand B01J2219/1266Microwave deflecting parts B01J2219/1269Microwave guides B01J2219/1272Materials of construction B01J2219/1275Controlling the microwave irradiation variables B01J2219/1278Time B01J2219/1281Frequency B01J2219/1284Intensity B01J2219/1287Features relating to the microwave source B01J2219/129Arrangements thereof B01J2219/1293Single source B01J2219/1296Multiple sources B01J2219/18Details relating to the spatial orientation of the reactor B01J2219/182horizontal B01J2219/185vertical B01J2219/187inclined at an angle to the horizontal or to the vertical plane B01J2219/19Details relating to the geometry of the reactor B01J2219/192polygonal B01J2219/1921triangular B01J2219/1923square or square-derived B01J2219/1925prismatic B01J2219/1926pyramidal B01J2219/1928hexagonal B01J2219/194round B01J2219/1941circular or disk-shaped B01J2219/1942spherical B01J2219/1943cylindrical B01J2219/1944spiral B01J2219/1945toroidal B01J2219/1946conical B01J2219/1947oval or ellipsoidal B01J2219/1948ovoid or egg-shaped B01J2219/24Stationary reactors without moving elements inside B01J2219/2401Reactors comprising multiple separate flow channels B01J2219/2402Monolithic-type reactors B01J2219/2403Geometry of the channels B01J2219/2404Polygonal B01J2219/2406Rectangular B01J2219/2407Square B01J2219/2408Circular or ellipsoidal B01J2219/2409Heat exchange aspects B01J2219/2411The reactant being in indirect heat exchange with a non reacting heat exchange medium B01J2219/2412Independent temperature control in various sections of the monolith B01J2219/2413Two reactions in indirect heat exchange B01J2219/2414The same reactant stream undergoing different reactions, endothermic or exothermic B01J2219/2416Additional heat exchange means, e.g. electric resistance heater, coils B01J2219/2417Direct heat exchange B01J2219/2418Feeding means B01J2219/2419for the reactants B01J2219/242for the catalysts B01J2219/2422Mixing means, e.g. fins or baffles attached to the monolith or placed in the channel B01J2219/2423Separation means, e.g. membrane inside the reactor B01J2219/2424Wall-flow filter, e.g. adjacent cells closed alternatively at their end to force the reactant stream through the walls of the monolith B01J2219/2425Construction materials B01J2219/2427Catalysts B01J2219/2428Catalysts coated on the surface of the monolith channels B01J2219/2429Nanocatalysts B01J2219/243Catalyst in granular form in the channels B01J2219/2432Monoliths having catalytic activity on its own B01J2219/2433of the monoliths B01J2219/2434Metals or alloys B01J2219/2435Steel B01J2219/2437Metal oxides B01J2219/2438Ceramics B01J2219/2439Glass B01J2219/244Plastics B01J2219/2441Other constructional details B01J2219/2443Assembling means of monolith modules B01J2219/2444Size aspects B01J2219/2445Sizes B01J2219/2446Cell density B01J2219/2448Additional structures inserted in the channels B01J2219/2449Moving elements in the monolith reactor B01J2219/245Plate-type reactors B01J2219/2451Geometry of the reactor B01J2219/2453Plates arranged in parallel B01J2219/2454Plates arranged concentrically B01J2219/2455Plates arranged radially B01J2219/2456Geometry of the plates B01J2219/2458Flat plates, i.e. plates which are not corrugated or otherwise structured, e.g. plates with cylindrical shape B01J2219/2459Corrugated plates B01J2219/246Perforated plates B01J2219/2461Heat exchange aspects B01J2219/2462the reactants being in indirect heat exchange with a non reacting heat exchange medium B01J2219/2464Independent temperature control in various sections of the reactor B01J2219/2465Two reactions in indirect heat exchange with each other B01J2219/2466The same reactant stream undergoing different reactions, endothermic or exothermic B01J2219/2467Additional heat exchange means, e.g. electric resistance heaters, coils B01J2219/2469Feeding means B01J2219/247Feeding means for the reactants B01J2219/2471Feeding means for the catalyst B01J2219/2472the catalyst being exchangeable on inserts other than plates, e.g. in bags B01J2219/2474Mixing means, e.g. fins or baffles attached to the plates B01J2219/2475Separation means, e.g. membranes inside the reactor B01J2219/2476Construction materials B01J2219/2477of the catalysts B01J2219/2479Catalysts coated on the surface of plates or inserts B01J2219/248Nanocatalysts B01J2219/2481Catalysts in granular from between plates B01J2219/2482Catalytically active foilsPlates having catalytically activity on their own B01J2219/2483of the plates B01J2219/2485Metals or alloys B01J2219/2486Steel B01J2219/2487Ceramics B01J2219/2488Glass B01J2219/249Plastics B01J2219/2491Other constructional details B01J2219/2492Assembling means B01J2219/2493Means for assembling plates together, e.g. sealing means, screws, bolts B01J2219/2495the plates being assembled interchangeably or in a disposable way B01J2219/2496Means for assembling modules together, e.g. casings, holders, fluidic connectors B01J2219/2497Size aspects, i.e. concrete sizes are being mentioned in the classified document B01J2219/2498Additional structures inserted in the channels, e.g. plates, catalyst holding meshes B01J2219/30Details relating to random packing elements B01J2219/302Basic shape of the elements B01J2219/30203Saddle B01J2219/30207Sphere B01J2219/30211Egg, ovoid or ellipse B01J2219/30215Toroid or ring B01J2219/30219Disk B01J2219/30223Cylinder B01J2219/30226Cone or truncated cone B01J2219/3023Triangle B01J2219/30234Hexagon B01J2219/30238Tetrahedron B01J2219/30242Star B01J2219/30246Square or square-derived B01J2219/30249Cube B01J2219/30253Pyramid B01J2219/30257Wire B01J2219/30261twisted B01J2219/30265Spiral B01J2219/30269Brush B01J2219/30273Cross B01J2219/30276Sheet B01J2219/3028stretched B01J2219/30284twisted B01J2219/30288folded B01J2219/30292rolled up B01J2219/30296Other shapes B01J2219/304Composition or microstructure of the elements B01J2219/30408Metal B01J2219/30416Ceramic B01J2219/30425Carbon B01J2219/30433Glass B01J2219/30441Wood B01J2219/3045Cork B01J2219/30458Rubber B01J2219/30466Plastics B01J2219/30475comprising catalytically active material B01J2219/30483Fibrous materials B01J2219/30491Foam like materials B01J2219/308filling or discharging the elements into or from packed columns B01J2219/3081Orientation of the packing elements within the column or vessel B01J2219/3083Random or dumped packing elements B01J2219/3085Ordered or stacked packing elements B01J2219/3086Filling of the packing elements into the column or vessel, e.g. using a tube B01J2219/3088Emptying of the packing elements from the column or vessel, e.g. using a tube B01J2219/31Size details B01J2219/312Sizes B01J2219/315Two or more types of packing elements or packing elements of different sizes present in the column B01J2219/318Manufacturing aspects B01J2219/3181Pleating B01J2219/3183Molding B01J2219/3185Pressing B01J2219/3186Sintering B01J2219/3188Extruding B01J2219/319Mathematical modelling B01J2219/32Details relating to packing elements in the form of grids or built-up elements for forming a unit of module inside the apparatus for mass or heat transfer B01J2219/322Basic shape of the elements B01J2219/32203Sheets B01J2219/32206Flat sheets B01J2219/3221Corrugated sheets B01J2219/32213Plurality of essentially parallel sheets B01J2219/32217with sheets having corrugations which intersect at an angle of 90 degrees B01J2219/3222with sheets having corrugations which intersect at an angle different from 90 degrees B01J2219/32224characterised by the orientation of the sheet B01J2219/32227Vertical orientation B01J2219/32231Horizontal orientation B01J2219/32234Inclined orientation B01J2219/32237Sheets comprising apertures or perforations B01J2219/32241Louvres B01J2219/32244Essentially circular apertures B01J2219/32248Sheets comprising areas that are raised or sunken from the plane of the sheet B01J2219/32251Dimples, bossages, protrusions B01J2219/32255Other details of the sheets B01J2219/32258Details relating to the extremities of the sheets, such as a change in corrugation geometry or sawtooth edges B01J2219/32262Dimensions or size aspects B01J2219/32265characterised by the orientation of blocks of sheets B01J2219/32268relating to blocks in the same horizontal level B01J2219/32272relating to blocks in superimposed layers B01J2219/32275Mounting or joining of the blocks or sheets within the column or vessel B01J2219/32279Tubes or cylinders B01J2219/32282Rods or bars B01J2219/32286Grids or lattices B01J2219/32289Stretched materials B01J2219/32293Cubes or cubic blocks B01J2219/32296Honeycombs B01J2219/324Composition or microstructure of the elements B01J2219/32408Metal B01J2219/32416fibrous B01J2219/32425Ceramic B01J2219/32433Carbon B01J2219/32441Glass B01J2219/3245Wood B01J2219/32458Paper B01J2219/32466comprising catalytically active material B01J2219/32475involving heat exchange B01J2219/32483Plastics B01J2219/32491Woven or knitted materials B01J2219/326Mathematical modelling B01J2219/328Manufacturing aspects B01J2219/3281Pleating B01J2219/3282Molding B01J2219/3284Pressing B01J2219/3285Sintering B01J2219/3287Extruding B01J2219/3288Punching B01J2219/33Details relating to the packing elements in general B01J2219/3306Dimensions or size aspects B01J2219/3313Revamping B01J2219/332Details relating to the flow of the phases B01J2219/3322Co-current flow B01J2219/3325Counter-current flow B01J2219/3327Cross-current flow B01J2220/00Aspects relating to sorbent materials B01J2220/40Aspects relating to the composition of sorbent or filter aid materials B01J2220/42Materials comprising a mixture of inorganic materials materials coated or impregnated on a carrier B01J20/32 B01J2220/44Materials comprising a mixture of organic materials materials coated or impregnated on a carrier B01J20/32 B01J2220/445comprising a mixture of polymers B01J2220/46Materials comprising a mixture of inorganic and organic materials materials coated or impregnated on a carrier B01J20/32 B01J2220/48Sorbents characterised by the starting material used for their preparation B01J2220/4806the starting material being of inorganic character B01J2220/4812the starting material being of organic character B01J2220/4818Natural rubber B01J2220/4825Polysaccharides or cellulose materials, e.g. starch, chitin, sawdust, wood, straw, cotton B01J2220/4831having been subjected to further processing, e.g. paper, cellulose pulp B01J2220/4837Lignin B01J2220/4843Algae, aquatic plants or sea vegetals, e.g. seeweeds, eelgrass B01J2220/485Plants or land vegetals, e.g. cereals, wheat, corn, rice, sphagnum, peat moss B01J2220/4856Proteins, DNA B01J2220/4862Feathers B01J2220/4868Cells, spores, bacteria B01J2220/4875the starting material being a waste, residue or of undefined composition B01J2220/4881Residues from shells, e.g. eggshells, mollusk shells B01J2220/4887Residues, wastes, e.g. garbage, municipal or industrial sludges, compost, animal manurefly-ashes B01J2220/4893Residues derived from used synthetic products, e.g. rubber from used tyres B01J2220/49Materials comprising an indicator, e.g. colour indicator, pH-indicator B01J2220/50Aspects relating to the use of sorbent or filter aid materials B01J2220/52Sorbents specially adapted for preparative chromatography B01J2220/54Sorbents specially adapted for analytical or investigative chromatography B01J2220/56Use in the form of a bed B01J2220/58Use in a single column B01J2220/60Use in several different columns B01J2220/603serially disposed columns B01J2220/606parallel disposed columns B01J2220/62In a cartridge B01J2220/64In a syringe, pipette, e.g. tip or in a tube, e.g. test-tube or u-shape tube in columns B01J2220/58 B01J2220/66Other type of housings or containers not covered by B01J2220/58 - B01J2220/64 B01J2220/68Superabsorbents B01J2220/80Aspects related to sorbents specially adapted for preparative, analytical or investigative chromatography B01J2220/82Shaped bodies, e.g. monoliths, plugs, tubes, continuous beds B01J2220/825comprising a cladding or external coating B01J2220/84Capillaries B01J2220/86Sorbents applied to inner surfaces of columns or capillaries B01J2229/00Aspects of molecular sieve catalysts not covered by B01J29/00 B01J2229/10After treatment, characterised by the effect to be obtained B01J2229/12to alter the outside of the crystallites, e.g. selectivation B01J2229/123in order to deactivate outer surface B01J2229/126in order to reduce the pore-mouth size B01J2229/14to alter the inside of the molecular sieve channels B01J2229/16to increase the Si/Al ratioDealumination B01J2229/18to introduce other elements into or onto the molecular sieve itself B01J2229/183in framework positions B01J2229/186not in framework positions B01J2229/20to introduce other elements in the catalyst composition comprising the molecular sieve, but not specially in or on the molecular sieve itself B01J2229/22to destroy the molecular sieve structure or part thereof B01J2229/24to stabilize the molecular sieve structure B01J2229/26to stabilize the total catalyst structure B01J2229/30After treatment, characterised by the means used B01J2229/32Reaction with silicon compounds, e.g. TEOS, siliconfluoride B01J2229/34Reaction with organic or organometallic compounds with organo-silicium compounds B01J2229/32 B01J2229/36Steaming B01J2229/37Acid treatment B01J2229/38Base treatment B01J2229/40Special temperature treatment, i.e. other than just for template removal B01J2229/42Addition of matrix or binder particles B01J2229/60Synthesis on support B01J2229/62in or on other molecular sieves B01J2229/64in or on refractory materials B01J2229/66on metal supports B01J2231/00Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00In this group indexing is done according to the specific catalytic reaction. In case of multiple catalytic activities only those are indexed which are specifically exemplified, i.e. by ways of worked examples, specific claims or explicit alternatives therein. B01J2231/005General concepts, e.g. reviews, relating to methods of using catalyst systems, the concept being defined by a common method or theory, e.g. microwave heating or multiple stereoselectivity B01J2231/10Polymerisation reactions involving at least dual use catalysts, e.g. for both oligomerisation and polymerisation B01J2231/12Olefin polymerisation or copolymerisation B01J2231/122Cationic (co)polymerisation, e.g. single-site or Ziegler-Natta type B01J2231/125Radical (co)polymerisation, e.g. mediators therefor B01J2231/127Anionic (co)polymerisation B01J2231/14Other (co) polymerisation, e.g. of lactides, epoxides "ROMP", i.e. ring-opening metathesis polymerisation B01J2231/54 B01J2231/20Olefin oligomerisation or telomerisation B01J2231/30Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds B01J2231/32Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds B01J2231/321Hydroformylation, metalformylation, carbonylation or hydroaminomethylation B01J2231/322Hydrocyanation B01J2231/323Hydrometalation, e.g. bor-, alumin-, silyl-, zirconation or analoguous reactions like carbometalation, hydrocarbation B01J2231/324Cyclisations via conversion of C-C multiple to single or less multiple bonds, e.g. cycloadditions B01J2231/325Cyclopropanations B01J2231/326Diels-Alder or other [4+2] cycloadditions, e.g. hetero-analogues B01J2231/327Dipolar cycloadditions B01J2231/328Cycloadditions involving more than 2 components or moieties, e.g. intra-/intermolecualar [2+2+2] or [2+2+1], e.g. Pauson-Khand type B01J2231/34Other additions, e.g. Monsanto-type carbonylations, addition to 1,2-C=X or 1,2-C-X triplebonds, additions to 1,4-C=C-C=X or 1,4-C=-C-X triple bonds with X, e.g. O, S, NH/N B01J2231/3411,2-additions, e.g. aldol or Knoevenagel condensations B01J2231/342Aldol type reactions, i.e. nucleophilic addition of C-H acidic compounds, their R3Si- or metal complex analogues, to aldehydes or ketones B01J2231/343to prepare cyanhydrines, e.g. by adding HCN or TMSCN B01J2231/344Boronation, e.g. by adding R-B(OR)2 B01J2231/345with organometallic complexes, e.g. by adding ZnR₂ B01J2231/346Mannich type reactions, i.e. nucleophilic addition of C-H acidic compounds, their R3Si- or metal complex analogues to aldimines or ketimines B01J2231/347via cationic intermediates, e.g. bisphenol A type processes B01J2231/3481,4-additions, e.g. conjugate additions B01J2231/3491,2- or 1,4-additions in combination with further or prior reactions by the same catalyst, i.e. tandem or domino reactions, e.g. hydrogenation or further addition reactions B01J2231/40Substitution reactions at carbon centres, e.g. C-C or C-X, i.e. carbon-hetero atom, cross-coupling, C-H activation or ring-opening reactions B01J2231/42Catalytic cross-coupling, i.e. connection of previously not connected C-atoms or C- and X-atoms without rearrangement B01J2231/4205C-C cross-coupling, e.g. metal catalyzed or Friedel-Crafts type B01J2231/4211Suzuki-type, i.e. RY + R'B(OR)2, in which R, R' are optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, acyl and Y is the leaving group B01J2231/4216with R= alkyl B01J2231/4222with R'= alkyl B01J2231/4227with Y= Cl B01J2231/4233Kumada-type, i.e. RY + R'MgZ, in which Ris optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, Y is the leaving group and Z is halide B01J2231/4238Negishi-type, i.e. RY + R'ZnZ, in which R, R' is optionally substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, Y is the leaving group and Z is halide or R' B01J2231/4244with R= alkyl B01J2231/425with R'= alkyl B01J2231/4255Stille-type, i.e. RY + R'3SnR'', in which R is alkenyl, aryl, R' is alkyl and R'' is alkenyl or aryl B01J2231/4261Heck-type, i.e. RY + C=C, in which R is aryl B01J2231/4266Sonogashira-type, i.e. RY + HC-CR' triple bonds, in which R=aryl, alkenyl, alkyl and R'=H, alkyl or aryl B01J2231/4272via enolates or aza-analogues, added as such or made in-situ, e.g. ArY + R2C=C(OM)Z -> ArR2C-C(O)Z, in which R is H or alkyl, M is Na, K or SiMe3, Y is the leaving group, Z is Ar or OR' and R' is alkyl B01J2231/4277C-X Cross-coupling, e.g. nucleophilic aromatic amination, alkoxylation or analogues B01J2231/4283using N nucleophiles, e.g. Buchwald-Hartwig amination B01J2231/4288using O nucleophiles, e.g. alcohols, carboxylates, esters B01J2231/4294using S nucleophiles, e.g. thiols B01J2231/44Allylic alkylation, amination, alkoxylation or analogues B01J2231/46C-H or C-C activation B01J2231/48Ring-opening reactions B01J2231/482asymmetric reactions, e.g. kinetic resolution of racemates B01J2231/485kinetic resolution of epoxide racemates B01J2231/487by hydrolysis B01J2231/49Esterification or transesterification B01J2231/50Redistribution or isomerisation reactions of C-C, C=C or C-C triple bonds B01J2231/52Isomerisation reactions B01J2231/54Metathesis reactions, e.g. olefin metathesis B01J2231/543alkene metathesis B01J2231/546alkyne metathesis B01J2231/60Reduction reactions, e.g. hydrogenation B01J2231/62Reductions in general of inorganic substrates, e.g. formal hydrogenation, e.g. of N₂ B01J2231/625of CO₂ B01J2231/64Reductions in general of organic substrates, e.g. hydride reductions or hydrogenations B01J2231/641Hydrogenation of organic substrates, i.e. H₂ or H-transfer hydrogenations, e.g. Fischer-Tropsch processes B01J2231/643of R2C=O or R2C=NR (R= C, H) B01J2231/645of C=C or C-C triple bonds B01J2231/646of aromatic or heteroaromatic rings B01J2231/648Fischer-Tropsch-type reactions B01J2231/70Oxidation reactions, e.g. epoxidation, (di)hydroxylation, dehydrogenation and analogues B01J2231/72Epoxidation B01J2231/74Aziridination B01J2231/76Dehydrogenation transfer-dehydrogenation of CH-XH B01J2231/641; transfer-dehydrogenation of -CHRCHR- via C-H activation B01J2231/46 B01J2231/763of -CH-XH (X= O, NH/N, S) to -C=X or -CX triple bond species B01J2231/766of -CH-CH- or -C=C- to -C=C- or -C-C- triple bond species B01J2523/00Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts B01J2523/10of Group I (IA or IB) of the Periodic Table B01J2523/11Lithium B01J2523/12Sodium B01J2523/13Potassium B01J2523/14Rubidium B01J2523/15Caesium B01J2523/16Francium B01J2523/17Copper B01J2523/18Silver B01J2523/19Gold B01J2523/20of Group II (IIA or IIB) of the Periodic Table B01J2523/21Beryllium B01J2523/22Magnesium B01J2523/23Calcium B01J2523/24Strontium B01J2523/25Barium B01J2523/26Radium B01J2523/27Zinc B01J2523/28Cadmium B01J2523/29Mercury B01J2523/30of Group III (IIIA or IIIB) of the Periodic Table B01J2523/305Boron B01J2523/31Aluminium B01J2523/32Gallium B01J2523/33Indium B01J2523/34Thallium B01J2523/35Scandium B01J2523/36Yttrium B01J2523/37Lanthanides B01J2523/3706Lanthanum B01J2523/3712Cerium B01J2523/3718Praseodymium B01J2523/3725Neodymium B01J2523/3731Promethium B01J2523/3737Samarium B01J2523/3743Europium B01J2523/375Gadolinium B01J2523/3756Terbium B01J2523/3762Dysprosium B01J2523/3768Holmium B01J2523/3775Erbium B01J2523/3781Thulium B01J2523/3787Ytterbium B01J2523/3793Lutetium B01J2523/39Actinides B01J2523/392Actinium B01J2523/395Thorium B01J2523/397Uranium B01J2523/40of Group IV (IVA or IVB) of the Periodic Table B01J2523/41Silicon B01J2523/42Germanium B01J2523/43Tin B01J2523/44Lead B01J2523/47Titanium B01J2523/48Zirconium B01J2523/49Hafnium B01J2523/50of Group V (VA or VB) of the Periodic Table B01J2523/51Phosphorus B01J2523/52Arsenic B01J2523/53Antimony B01J2523/54Bismuth B01J2523/55Vanadium B01J2523/56Niobium B01J2523/57Tantalum B01J2523/60of Group VI (VIA or VIB) of the Periodic Table B01J2523/62Sulfur B01J2523/63Selenium B01J2523/64Tellurium B01J2523/65Polonium B01J2523/67Chromium B01J2523/68Molybdenum B01J2523/69Tungsten B01J2523/70of Group VII (VIIB) of the Periodic Table B01J2523/72Manganese B01J2523/73Technetium B01J2523/74Rhenium B01J2523/80of Group VIII of the Periodic Table B01J2523/82Metals of the platinum group B01J2523/821Ruthenium B01J2523/822Rhodium B01J2523/824Palladium B01J2523/825Osmium B01J2523/827Iridium B01J2523/828Platinum B01J2523/84Metals of the iron group B01J2523/842Iron B01J2523/845Cobalt B01J2523/847Nickel B01J2531/00Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00 In this group the term "Metals" refers to the central metal in the coordination complexes ( B01J31/16 - B01J31/24), as used for the respective catalytic reaction, excluding carboxylates (see B01J31/04 ) and other simple salts or organometallic compounds (see B01J31/12 ). As to components, only those metals or solvents are indexed which are explicitly mentioned in the claims or the worked examples. As to compositional aspects, only those are provided for in the scheme below and are intended to be indexed, which provide additional information regarding the complexes and/or ligands classified in B01J31/16 - B01J31/24; indexing codes B01J2531/0286 - B01J2531/0297 are only used if these aspects are described as essential. Indexing codes B01J2531/0213 - B01J2531/0277 characterise the complexes on the basis of bond-type (linkage-type) thereby specifying the structural geometry of the complexes, while classification entries B01J31/16 - B01J31/24 are purely compositional subdivisions. The individual metals, the compositional aspects of complexes used and the solvents are indexed for each explicit alternative, according to the guideline above B01J2531/001General concepts, e.g. reviews, relating to catalyst systems and methods of making them, the concept being defined by a common material or method/theoryWhen indexing in this group, only the focus is indexed in B01J2531/004 - B01J2531/007 and only if groups with closely related members are concerned, e.g. N-heterocyclic carbenes ( B01J2531/004 ), Pd-complexes ( B01J2531/005 ), added halide ( B01J2531/007 ). Otherwise the main code B01J2531/002 is used. B01J2531/002Materials B01J2531/004Ligands B01J2531/005Catalytic metals B01J2531/007Promoter-type Additives B01J2531/008Methods or theories B01J2531/02Compositional aspects of complexes used, e.g. polynuclearity B01J2531/0202Polynuclearity B01J2531/0205Bi- or polynuclear complexes, i.e. comprising two or more metal coordination centres, without metal-metal bonds, e.g. Cp(Lx)Zr-imidazole-Zr(Lx)Cp B01J2531/0208Bimetallic complexes, i.e. comprising one or more units of two metals, with metal-metal bonds but no all-metal (M)n rings, e.g. Cr₂(OAc)₄ B01J2531/0211Metal clusters, i.e. complexes comprising 3 to about 1000 metal atoms with metal-metal bonds to provide one or more all-metal (M)n rings, e.g. Rh₄(CO)₁₂ B01J2531/0213Complexes without C-metal linkages B01J2531/0216Bi- or polynuclear complexes, i.e. comprising two or more metal coordination centres, without metal-metal bonds, e.g. Cp(Lx)Zr-imidazole-Zr(Lx)Cp B01J2531/0219Bimetallic complexes, i.e. comprising one or more units of two metals, with metal-metal bonds but no all-metal (M)n rings, e.g. Cr₂(OAc)₄ B01J2531/0222Metal clusters, i.e. complexes comprising 3 to about 1000 metal atoms with metal-metal bonds to provide one or more all-metal (M)n rings, e.g. Rh₄(CO)₁₂ B01J2531/0225Complexes comprising pentahapto-cyclopentadienyl analogues B01J2531/0227Carbollide ligands, i.e. [nido-CnB(11-n)H11](4-n)- in which n is 1-3 B01J2531/023Phospholyl ligands, i.e. [CnP(5-n)Rn]- in which n is 0-4 and R is H or hydrocarbyl, or analogous condensed ring systems B01J2531/0233Aza-Cp ligands, i.e. [CnN(5-n)Rn]- in which n is 0-4 and R is H or hydrocarbyl, or analogous condensed ring systems B01J2531/0236Azaborolyl ligands, e.g. 1,2-azaborolyl B01J2531/0238Complexes comprising multidentate ligands, i.e. more than 2 ionic or coordinative bonds from the central metal to the ligand, the latter having at least two donor atoms, e.g. N, O, S, P B01J2531/0241Rigid ligands, e.g. extended sp2-carbon frameworks or geminal di- or trisubstitution B01J2531/0244Pincer-type complexes, i.e. consisting of a tridentate skeleton bound to a metal, e.g. by one to three metal-carbon sigma-bonds B01J2531/0247Tripodal ligands, e.g. comprising the tris(pyrazolyl)borate skeleton, "tpz", neutral analogues thereof by CH/BH exchange or anionic analogues of the latter by exchange of one of the pyrazolyl groups for an anionic complexing group such as carboxylate or -R-Cp B01J2531/025Ligands with a porphyrin ring system or analogues thereof, e.g. phthalocyanines, corroles B01J2531/0252Salen ligands or analogues, e.g. derived from ethylenediamine and salicylaldehyde B01J2531/0255Ligands comprising the N2S2 or N2P2 donor atom set, e.g. diiminodithiolates or diiminodiphosphines with complete pi-conjugation between all donor centres B01J2531/0258Flexible ligands, e.g. mainly sp3-carbon framework as exemplified by the "tedicyp" ligand, i.e. cis-cis-cis-1,2,3,4-tetrakis(diphenylphosphinomethyl)cyclopentane B01J2531/0261Complexes comprising ligands with non-tetrahedral chirality B01J2531/0263Planar chiral ligands, e.g. derived from donor-substituted paracyclophanes and metallocenes or from substituted arenes B01J2531/0266Axially chiral or atropisomeric ligands, e.g. bulky biaryls such as donor-substituted binaphthalenes, e.g. "BINAP" or "BINOL" B01J2531/0269Complexes comprising ligands derived from the natural chiral pool or otherwise having a characteristic structure or geometry B01J2531/0272derived from carbohydrates, including e.g. tartrates or DIOP B01J2531/0275derived from amino acids B01J2531/0277derived from fullerenes and analogues, e.g. buckybowls or Cp5Cp B01J2531/028comprising affinity tags, e.g. for recovery self-associating or modular catalysts B01J2531/0291 B01J2531/0283The bonding to the affinity counterpart occurring via hydrogen bonding B01J2531/0286Complexes comprising ligands or other components characterized by their function B01J2531/0288Sterically demanding or shielding ligands B01J2531/0291Ligands adapted to form modular catalysts, e.g. self-associating building blocks as exemplified in the patent document EP-A-1 479 439 B01J2531/0294"Non-innocent" or "non-spectator" ligands, i.e. ligands described as, or evidently, taking part in the catalytic reaction beyond merely stabilizing the central metal as spectator or ancilliary ligands, e.g. by electron transfer to or from the central metal or by intra-/intermolecular chemical reactions, e.g. disulfide coupling, H-abstraction B01J2531/0297Non-coordinating anions B01J2531/10Complexes comprising metals of Group I (IA or IB) as the central metal B01J2531/11Lithium B01J2531/12Sodium B01J2531/13Potassium B01J2531/14Rubidium B01J2531/15Caesium B01J2531/16Copper B01J2531/17Silver B01J2531/18Gold B01J2531/20Complexes comprising metals of Group II (IIA or IIB) as the central metal B01J2531/21Beryllium B01J2531/22Magnesium B01J2531/23Calcium B01J2531/24Strontium B01J2531/25Barium B01J2531/26Zinc B01J2531/27Cadmium B01J2531/28Mercury B01J2531/30Complexes comprising metals of Group III (IIIA or IIIB) as the central metal B01J2531/31Aluminium B01J2531/32Gallium B01J2531/33Indium B01J2531/34Thallium B01J2531/35Scandium B01J2531/36Yttrium B01J2531/37Lanthanum B01J2531/38Lanthanides other than lanthanum B01J2531/39Actinides B01J2531/40Complexes comprising metals of Group IV (IVA or IVB) as the central metal B01J2531/42Tin B01J2531/44Lead B01J2531/46Titanium B01J2531/48Zirconium B01J2531/49Hafnium B01J2531/50Complexes comprising metals of Group V (VA or VB) as the central metal B01J2531/52Antimony B01J2531/54Bismuth B01J2531/56Vanadium B01J2531/57Niobium B01J2531/58Tantalum B01J2531/60Complexes comprising metals of Group VI (VIA or VIB) as the central metal B01J2531/62Chromium B01J2531/64Molybdenum B01J2531/66Tungsten B01J2531/70Complexes comprising metals of Group VII (VIIB) as the central metal B01J2531/72Manganese B01J2531/74Rhenium B01J2531/80Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal B01J2531/82Metals of the platinum group B01J2531/821Ruthenium B01J2531/822Rhodium B01J2531/824Palladium B01J2531/825Osmium B01J2531/827Iridium B01J2531/828Platinum B01J2531/84Metals of the iron group B01J2531/842Iron B01J2531/845Cobalt B01J2531/847Nickel B01J2531/90Catalytic systems characterized by the solvent or solvent system used B01J2531/92Supercritical solvents B01J2531/922Carbon dioxide (scCO₂) B01J2531/925Supercritical water (scH₂O) B01J2531/927Mixtures of ionic liquids with supercritical solvents B01J2531/94Fluorinated solvents B01J2531/96Water B01J2531/98Phase-transfer catalysis in a mixed solvent system containing at least 2 immiscible solvents or solvent phases B01J2531/985in a water / organic solvent system B01J2540/00Compositional aspects of coordination complexes or ligands in catalyst systems B01J2540/10Non-coordinating groups comprising only oxygen beside carbon or hydrogen B01J2540/12Carboxylic acid groups B01J2540/20Non-coordinating groups comprising halogens B01J2540/22comprising fluorine, e.g. trifluoroacetate B01J2540/225comprising perfluoroalkyl groups or moieties B01J2540/30Non-coordinating groups comprising sulfur B01J2540/32Sulfonic acid groups or their salts B01J2540/325being perfluorinated, i.e. comprising at least one perfluorinated moiety as substructure in case of polyfunctional groups B01J2540/34Sulfonyl groups B01J2540/345being perfluorinated, i.e. comprising at least one perfluorinated moiety as substructure in case of polyfunctional groups B01J2540/40Non-coordinating groups comprising nitrogen B01J2540/42Quaternary ammonium groups B01J2540/44being derivatives of carboxylic or carbonic acids, e.g. amide (RC(=O)-NR2, RC(=O)-NR-C(=O)R) , nitrile, urea (R2N-C(=O)-NR2) , guanidino (R2N-C(=NR)-NR2) groups B01J2540/442Amide groups or imidato groups (R-C=NR(OR)) B01J2540/444Nitrile groups B01J2540/446Urea groups B01J2540/448Guanidino groups B01J2540/50Non-coordinating groups comprising phosphorus B01J2540/52Phosphorus acid or phosphorus acid ester groups B01J2540/522being phosphoric acid mono-, di- or triester groups ((RO)(R'O)2P=O), i.e. R= C, R'= C, H B01J2540/525being phosphorous acid (-ester) groups ((RO)P(OR')2) or the isomeric phosphonic acid (-ester) groups (R(R'O)2P=O), i.e. R= C, R'= C, H B01J2540/527being phosphonous acid (-ester) groups (RP(OR')2) or the isomeric phosphinic acid (-ester) groups (R2(R'O)P=O), i.e. R= C, R'= C, H B01J2540/54Quaternary phosphonium groups B01J2540/60Groups characterized by their function B01J2540/62Activating groups B01J2540/64Solubility enhancing groups B01J2540/66Linker or spacer groups B01J2540/68Associating groups, e.g. with a second ligand or a substrate molecule via non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds