F16FSPRINGSSHOCK-ABSORBERSMEANS FOR DAMPING VIBRATION This subclass covers: springs, shock-absorbers or vibration-dampers; their arrangement in, or adaptation for, particular apparatus if not provided for in the subclasses covering said apparatus. This subclass does not cover inventions concerning the arrangement or adaptation of springs, shock-absorbers or vibration-dampers in, or for, particular apparatus, if provided for in the subclasses concerning the said apparatus, e.g. A47C23/00 - A47C27/00Spring mattressesA61F2/00ProsthesesA63C5/075Vibration dampers in skisB60GVehicle suspensionsB60R19/24Mounting of bumpers on vehiclesB61FRail vehicle suspensionsB61G11/00Buffers for railway or tramway vehiclesB62D21/15Vehicle chassis frames having impact absorbing meansB62J1/02Resiliently mounted saddles on cyclesB62K21/08Steering dampersB63H21/30Anti-vibration mounting of marine propulsion plant in shipsB64C25/58Arrangement of shock-absorbers or springs in aeroplane alighting gearB65D81/02Containers, packing elements or packages with shock-absorbing meansD06F37/20Resilient mountings in washing machinesD06F49/06Resilient mountings in domestic spin-dryersE04B1/98Protection of buildings against vibrations or shocksE05D7/086Braking devices structurally combined with hingesF03G1/00Spring motorsF16L3/20Pipe or cable supportsF21V15/04Resilient mounting of lighting devicesF41A25/00Gun cradles to permit recoilF41B5/1426Vibration dampers for archery bowsG01D11/00Indicating or recording in connection with measuringG01G21/10Weighing apparatus, e.g. arrangement of shock-absorbers in weighing apparatusG04BClocks, watchesG12B3/08Damping of movements in instrumentsG21C7/20Disposition of shock-absorbing devices for displaceable control elements in nuclear reactors.H02G7/14Arrangements or devices for damping mechanical oscillations of power lines Mention of "steel" or "metal" in groups F16F, unless specific mention is made otherwise, should be seen in the light of the title of group F16F1/00, i.e. material having low internal friction. This normally includes composite materials such as fibre-reinforced plastics. Mention of "rubber" or "plastics" in group F16F, unless specific mention is made otherwise, should be seen in the light of the title of group F16F1/36, i.e. material having high internal friction. This normally does NOT include composite materials such as fibre-reinforced plastics except in the case of groups F16F1/366 - F16F1/3686 and F16F15/305. The following IPC groups are not in the CPC scheme. The subject matter for these IPC groups is classified in the following CPC groups: F16F3/07 covered by F16F13/00F16F9/24 covered by F16F9/22F16F9/40 covered by F16F9/00 - F16F9/50F16F9/508 covered by F16F9/512F16F11/00 covered by F16F7/00, F16F9/00, F16F15/00F16F13/12 covered by F16F13/08In this subclass non-limiting references (in the sense of paragraph 39 of the Guide to the IPC) may still be displayed in the scheme. F16F1/00 F16F1/00Springs working with fluid F16F5/00, F16F9/00 F16F1/02made of steel or other material having low internal friction characterised by their special construction from fibre-reinforced plastics F16F1/366; spring units consisting of several springs F16F3/02; making springs from wire B21F35/00Wound, torsion, leaf, cup, ring or the like springs, the material of the spring not being relevant F16F1/021characterised by their composition, e.g. comprising materials providing for particular spring properties composition and manufacture of clock or watch springs G04B1/145 F16F1/022made of ceramic materials F16F1/024Covers or coatings therefor F16F1/24 takes precedence F16F1/025characterised by having a particular shape F16F1/04, F16F1/14, F16F1/18, F16F1/32, F16F1/34 take precedence F16F1/027Planar, e.g. in sheet form; leaf springs F16F1/028cylindrical, with radial openings F16F1/04Wound springs making springs by coiling wire B21F3/00 F16F1/041with means for modifying the spring characteristics F16F1/12, F16F3/06 take precedence; fluid regulation of coil spring characteristics in vehicle suspensions B60G17/0272 F16F1/042characterised by the cross-section of the wire F16F1/043the cross-section varying with the wire length F16F1/045Canted-coil springs F16F1/046with partial nesting of inner and outer coils F16F3/04 takes precedence F16F1/047characterised by varying pitch F16F1/048with undulations, e.g. wavy springs F16F1/06with turns lying in cylindrical surfaces F16F1/065characterised by loading of the coils in a radial direction canted-coil springs F16F1/045 F16F1/08with turns lying in mainly conical surfaces , i.e. characterised by varying diameter F16F1/10 takes precedence F16F1/10Spiral springs with turns lying substantially in plane surfaces F16F1/326 takes precedence F16F1/12Attachments or mountings F16F1/041, F16F13/02 take precedence; of combinations of vibration damper and mechanical spring for vehicle suspension units B60G15/02 F16F1/121adjustable, e.g. to modify spring characteristics F16F1/122where coils, e.g. end coils, of the spring are rigidly clamped or similarly fixed F16F1/123characterised by the ends of the spring being specially adapted, e.g. to form an eye for engagement with a radial insert F16F1/122, F16F1/125 take precedence F16F1/125where the end coils of the spring engage an axial insert F16F1/126, F16F1/128 take precedence F16F1/126comprising an element between the end coil of the spring and the support proper, e.g. an elastomeric annulus F16F1/13 takes precedence F16F1/127allowing rotation about axis of spring F16F1/128with motion-limiting means, e.g. with a full-length guide element or ball joint connections; with protective outer cover F16F1/121 takes precedence F16F1/13comprising inserts and spacers between the windings for changing the mechanical or physical characteristics of the spring F16F1/122 takes precedence F16F1/14Torsion springs consisting of bars or tubes F16F1/145with means for modifying the spring characteristics fluid regulation of torsion spring characteristics in vehicle suspensions B60G17/0277 F16F1/16Attachments or mountings F16F1/145 takes precedence; mounting means for vehicle stabiliser bars B60G21/0551 F16F1/18Leaf springs planar springs in general F16F1/027; "Belleville"-type springs with generally radial arms F16F1/324 F16F1/182with inter-engaging portions between leaves or between leaves and mountings, e.g. ridges, notches, ripples F16F1/185characterised by shape or design of individual leaves F16F1/22 takes precedence F16F1/187shaped into an open profile, i.e. C- or U-shaped F16F1/20with layers, e.g. anti-friction layers, or with rollers between the leaves F16F1/22with means for modifying the spring characteristic fluid regulation of leaf spring characteristics in vehicle suspensions B60G17/0275 F16F1/24LubricationCovers, e.g. for retaining lubricant F16F1/26Attachments or mountings F16F1/182, F16F1/22 B60G11/10 take precedence F16F1/28comprising cylindrical metal pins pivoted in close-fitting sleeves F16F1/30comprising intermediate pieces made of rubber or similar elastic material F16F1/32Belleville-type springs friction-clutch diaphragm springs F16D13/583 F16F1/322Snap-action springs F16F1/324characterised by having tongues or arms directed in a generally radial direction, i.e. diaphragm-type springs F16F1/326with a spiral-like appearance F16F1/328with undulations, e.g. wavy springs F16F1/34Ring springs, i.e. annular bodies deformed radially due to axial load F16F1/36made of rubber or other material having high internal friction, e.g. thermoplastic elastomers spring units consisting of several springs F16F3/08 F16F1/3605characterised by their material F16F1/362, F16F1/364, F16F1/366, F16F1/37 take precedence; composition of macromolecular compounds in general C08L F16F1/361comprising magneto-rheological elastomers [MR], magneto-rheological fluid dampers F16F9/535 F16F1/3615with means for modifying the spring characteristic F16F1/371 takes precedence F16F1/362made of steel wool, compressed hair, woven or non-woven textile, or like materials F16F1/364made of cork, wood or like material F16F1/366made of fibre-reinforced plastics, i.e. characterised by their special construction from such materials Attention is drawn to notes following the subclass title regarding interpretation of the term "plastics" in groups F16F, in particular as regards the subject matter of groups F16F1/366 - F16F1/3686. F16F1/3665Wound springs F16F1/368Leaf springs F16F1/3683Attachments or mountings therefor F16F1/3686End mountings F16F1/37of foam-like material , i.e. microcellular material, e.g. sponge rubber padded linings for vehicle interiors B60R21/04 F16F1/371characterised by inserts or auxiliary extension or exterior elements, e.g. for rigidification F16F1/387 takes precedence; non-embedded reinforcing elements for flexibly-walled air springs F16F9/0436 F16F1/3713with external elements passively influencing spring stiffness, e.g. rings or hoops F16F1/3716External elements such as covers or envelopes, that are flexible F16F1/373characterised by having a particular shape F16F9/58 takes precedence F16F1/3732having an annular or the like shape, e.g. grommet-type resilient mountings F16F1/3735Multi-part grommet-type resilient mountings F16F1/3737Planar, e.g. in sheet form vibration dampers comprising one or more constrained viscoelastic layers F16F9/306 F16F1/374having a spherical or the like shape F16F1/376having projections, studs, serrations or the like on at least one surface F16F1/3835 , F16F1/387 take precedence F16F1/377having holes or openings F16F1/37 , F16F1/387 take precedence F16F1/379characterised by arrangements for controlling the spring temperature, e.g. by cooling F16F1/38with a sleeve of elastic material between a rigid outer sleeve and a rigid inner sleeve or pin , i.e. bushing-type hydraulically-damped bushes F16F13/14; suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of elastomeric spring members between rotating elements, driveline torque being transmitted therebetween F16F15/126, by making use of a dynamic damping mass attached to a rotating element by means of elastomeric springs F16F15/14; pivots per se F16C11/00; elastic or yielding bearings or bearing supports F16C27/00; parts of sliding-contact bearings, e.g. bushes F16C33/04 F16F1/3807characterised by adaptations for particular modes of stressing F16F1/3814characterised by adaptations to counter axial forces F16F1/393 takes precedence F16F1/3821characterised by adaptations to counter torsional forces F16F1/3828End stop features or buffering F16F1/3807 takes precedence F16F1/3835characterised by the sleeve of elastic material, e.g. having indentations or made of materials of different hardness F16F1/3807, F16F1/387 take precedence F16F1/3842Method of assembly, production or treatment; Mounting thereof supports for pipes, cables or protective tubing F16L3/00 F16F1/3849Mounting brackets therefor, e.g. stamped steel brackets; Restraining links F16F1/3856Vulcanisation or gluing of interface between rigid and elastic sleeves F16F1/3863characterised by the rigid sleeves or pin, e.g. of non-circular cross-section F16F1/3807, F16F1/387 take precedence F16F1/387comprising means for modifying the rigidity in particular directions spherical or conical sleeves F16F1/393 F16F1/3873having holes or openings F16F1/3876by means of inserts of more rigid material F16F1/393with spherical or conical sleeves F16F1/3935Conical sleeves F16F1/40consisting of a stack of similar elements separated by non-elastic intermediate layers F16F9/306 takes precedence; laminated constructions to protect buildings against abnormal external influences, e.g. earthquakes, E04H9/022 F16F1/403characterised by the shape of the non-elastic interengaging parts between the elements F16F1/406characterised by the shape of the elastic elements F16F1/41the spring consisting of generally conically arranged elements if sleeve-like, i.e. a surface of revolution F16F1/3935 F16F1/42characterised by the mode of stressing Classification of documents in groups F16F1/42 - F16F1/54, concerning the mode of stressing of elastomeric springs, is to be considered only when classification in other subgroups of F16F1/36 would be unsuitable. Attention is drawn to the parallel scheme of indexing codes under F16F2236/00. F16F1/422the stressing resulting in flexion of the spring F16F1/424of membrane-type springs F16F1/426Radial flexion of ring-type springs F16F1/428of strip- or leg-type springs F16F1/44loaded mainly in compression F16F1/445the spring material being contained in a generally closed space F16F1/393 takes precedence F16F1/46loaded mainly in tension F16F1/48loaded mainly in torsion F16F1/50loaded mainly in shear F16F1/505Rotational shear F16F1/52loaded in combined stresses F16F1/54loaded in compression and shear F16F1/545Neidhart-type rubber springs vehicle suspensions having Neidhart-type rubber springs B60G11/225 F16F3/00Spring units consisting of several springs, e.g. for obtaining a desired spring characteristic F16F1/32, F16F1/34, F16F7/14 take precedence ; if including fluid springs F16F5/00, F16F13/00In this group, vehicle leaf spring units, i.e. "packets" of individual leaves, are considered as a single spring F16F3/02with springs made of steel or of other material having low internal friction F16F3/023composed only of leaf springs F16F3/026to give a zero-spring rate characteristic F16F3/04composed only of wound springs F16F3/06of which some are placed around others in such a way that they damp each other by mutual friction F16F3/08with springs made of a material having high internal friction, e.g. rubber multi-part grommet-type resilient mountings F16F1/3735 F16F3/087Units comprising several springs made of plastics or the like material F16F1/40, F16F1/545 take precedence F16F3/0873of the same material or the material not being specified F16F3/0876and of the same shape F16F3/093the springs being of different materials, e.g. having different types of rubber F16F1/3835 takes precedence F16F3/0935and being of the same shape F16F3/10combined with springs made of steel or other material having low internal friction F16F3/12the steel spring being in contact with the rubber spring F16F1/12 takes precedence F16F5/00Liquid springs in which the liquid works as a spring by compression, e.g. combined with throttling actionCombinations of devices including liquid springs dampers with solid or semi-solid material F16F9/30 F16F6/00Magnetic springs magnetic spring arrangements for the suppression of vibration in systems F16F15/03Fluid magnetic springs , i.e. magnetic spring combined with a fluid F16F6/005using permanent magnets only F16F7/00Vibration-dampersShock-absorbers using fluid F16F5/00, F16F9/00; specific for rotary systems F16F15/10 ; belt tensioners F16H7/12 F16F7/003One-shot shock absorbers using plastic deformation of members, e.g. using sacrificial, fibre-reinforced composite members F16F7/12 F16F7/006using textile means safety belts or body harnesses incorporating energy absorbing means A62B35/04 F16F7/01using friction between loose particles, e.g. sand F16F7/015the particles being spherical, cylindrical or the like F16F7/02with relatively-rotatable friction surfaces that are pressed together F16F7/01 takes precedence; one of the members being a spring F16F13/02 ; friction devices between relatively-movable parts of a hinge E05D11/08; braking devices for wings E05F5/00 F16F7/023and characterised by damping force adjustment means F16F7/026resulting in the damping effects being different according to direction of rotation F16F7/04in the direction of the axis of rotation F16F7/023 takes precedence F16F7/06in a direction perpendicular or inclined to the axis of rotation F16F7/023 takes precedence F16F7/065where elements interengaging frictionally are in the shape of spiral bands F16F7/08with friction surfaces rectilinearly movable along each other F16F7/01 takes precedence ; one of the members being a spring F16F13/02 F16F7/082and characterised by damping force adjustment means F16F7/085resulting in the damping effects being different according to direction of movement F16F7/087Elastomeric surface effect dampers F16F7/09in dampers of the cylinder-and-piston type F16F7/095frictional elements brought into engagement by movement along a surface oblique to the axis of the cylinder, e.g. interaction of wedge-shaped elements F16F7/10using inertia effect F16F13/108, F16F13/22, F16F15/10, F16F15/22 take precedence; stabilising vehicle bodies by means of movable masses B62D37/04; protection of buildings against vibrations or shocks by mass dampers E04H9/0215; arrangements or devices for damping mechanical oscillations of power lines H02G7/14 F16F7/1005characterised by active control of the mass F16F7/1011by electromagnetic means F16F7/1017by fluid means F16F7/1022the linear oscillation movement being converted into a rotational movement of the inertia member, e.g. using a pivoted mass F16F7/1028the inertia-producing means being a constituent part of the system which is to be damped F16F7/1034of movement of a liquid F16F7/104the inertia member being resiliently mounted F16F7/1022 takes precedence F16F7/108on plastics springs F16F7/112on fluid springs F16F7/116on metal springs F16F7/12using plastic deformation of members F16F9/30 takes precedence; yieldable means for mounting bumpers on vehicles B60R19/26; yieldable or collapsible steering columns B62D1/192 F16F7/121the members having a cellular, e.g. honeycomb, structure F16F7/122characterised by corrugations, e.g. of rolled corrugated material F16F7/123Deformation involving a bending action, e.g. strap moving through multiple rollers, folding of members F16F7/125, F16F7/128 take precedence F16F7/124characterised by their special construction from fibre-reinforced plastics F16F7/125Units with a telescopic-like action as one member moves into, or out of a second member F16F7/124, F16F7/127, F16F7/128 take precedence F16F7/126against the action of shear pins; one member having protuberances, e.g. dimples, ball bearings which cause the other member to deform F16F7/127by a blade element cutting or tearing into a quantity of material; Pultrusion of a filling material F16F7/128characterised by the members, e.g. a flat strap, yielding through stretching, pulling apart F16F7/14of cable support type, i.e. frictionally-engaged loop-forming cables F16F9/00Springs, vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or similarly-constructed movement-dampers using a fluid or the equivalent as damping medium F16F5/00 takes precedence; connection of valves to inflatable elastic bodies B60C29/00; braking devices, stops or buffers for wing-operating appliances E05F3/00, E05F5/00 F16F9/003Dampers characterised by having pressure absorbing means other than gas, e.g. sponge rubber F16F9/006characterised by the nature of the damping medium, e.g. biodegradable variable viscosity damping adjustment F16F9/53 F16F9/02using gas only or vacuum F16F9/006 takes precedence F16F9/0209Telescopic F16F9/04 takes precedence F16F9/0218Mono-tubular units F16F9/0227, F16F9/0236, F16F9/0245 take precedence F16F9/0227characterised by the piston construction F16F9/0236characterised by having a hollow piston rod F16F9/0245Means for adjusting the length of, or for locking, the spring or dampers F16F9/0254mechanically lockable, e.g. by use of friction collar mechanical locking of extensible devices for holding wings E05C17/30 F16F9/0263characterised by actuation means, e.g. manually-operated lever arrangement F16F9/0254 takes precedence F16F9/0272with control rod extending through the piston rod into the piston F16F9/0281Details F16F9/029electrical, e.g. connections or contacts F16F9/04in a chamber with a flexible wall producing hollow articles of plastics, e.g. air bellows, B29D22/00 F16F9/0409characterised by the wall structure F16F9/0418having a particular shape, e.g. annular, spherical, tube-like F16F9/05 takes precedence F16F9/0427toroidal F16F9/0436characterised by being contained in a generally closed space F16F9/0445characterised by intermediate rings or other not embedded reinforcing elements wall structure F16F9/0409 F16F9/0454characterised by the assembling method or by the mounting arrangement, e.g. mounting of the membrane F16F9/0409, F16F9/0445 take precedence F16F9/0463with separate crimping rings F16F9/0472characterised by comprising a damping device with plastic deformation of members F16F7/12; delay devices or arrangements F15B21/10 F16F9/0481provided in an opening to the exterior atmosphere F16F9/049multi-chamber units F16F9/0472, F16F9/05 take precedence F16F9/05the flexible wall being of the rolling diaphragm type F16F9/052characterised by the bumper F16F9/055having a double diaphragm construction F16F9/057characterised by the piston F16F9/06using both gas and liquid F16F9/486 take precedence; self-pumping fluid springs B60G17/044 F16F9/061Mono-tubular units F16F9/062Bi-tubular units F16F9/063comprising a hollow piston rod F16F9/064Units characterised by the location or shape of the expansion chamber F16F9/068, F16F9/08 take precedence F16F9/065Expansion chamber provided on the upper or lower end of a damper, separately there from or laterally on the damper F16F9/066Units characterised by the partition, baffle or like element F16F9/068, F16F9/08 take precedence F16F9/067Partitions of the piston type, e.g. sliding pistons F16F9/068where the throttling of a gas flow provides damping action F16F9/08where gas is in a chamber with a flexible wall pressurised fluid system accumulators per se F15B1/04 F16F9/081being of the fluid displacement type, i.e. the piston not comprising damping arrangements F16F9/096 takes precedence F16F9/082characterised by the hydropneumatic accumulator F16F9/084comprising a gas spring contained within a flexible wall, the wall not being in contact with the damping fluid, i.e. mounted externally on the damper cylinder F16F9/088comprising a gas spring with a flexible wall provided within the cylinder on the piston rod of a monotubular damper or within the inner tube of a bitubular damper F16F9/092comprising a gas spring with a flexible wall provided between the tubes of a bitubular damper F16F9/096comprising a hydropneumatic accumulator of the membrane type provided on the upper or the lower end of a damper or separately from or laterally on the damper F16F9/088 takes precedence F16F9/10using liquid onlyusing a fluid of which the nature is immaterial F16F9/103Devices with one or more members moving linearly to and fro in chambers, any throttling effect being immaterial, i.e. damping by viscous shear effect only F16F9/53 takes precedence F16F9/106Squeeze-tube devices F16F9/12Devices with one or more rotary vanes turning in the fluid any throttling effect being immaterial, i.e. damping by viscous shear effect only F16F9/53 takes precedence; pivoting supports for apparatus or articles placed on stands or trestles F16M11/06 F16F9/125characterised by adjustment means F16F9/14Devices with one or more members, e.g. pistons, vanes, moving to and fro in chambers and using throttling effect F16F9/145involving only rotary movement of the effective parts wing closers or openers with fluid brakes of the rotary type E05F3/14 F16F9/16involving only straight-line movement of the effective parts wing closers or openers with liquid piston brakes E05F3/04 F16F9/165with two or more cylinders in line, i.e. in series connection F16F9/26 takes precedence F16F9/18with a closed cylinder and a piston separating two or more working spaces therein F16F9/182comprising a hollow piston rod F16F9/185Bitubular units where compression of gas leads to a clear spring action F16F9/062 F16F9/187with uni-directional flow of damping fluid through the valves F16F9/19with a single cylinder and of single-tube type F16F9/20with the piston-rod extending through both ends of the cylinder , e.g. constant-volume dampers F16F9/22with one or more cylinders each having a single working space closed by a piston or plunger F16F9/26with two cylinders in line and with the two pistons or plungers connected together F16F9/28with two parallel cylinders and with the two pistons or plungers connected together F16F9/285by a rocker arm F16F9/30with solid or semi-solid material, e.g. pasty masses, as damping medium in devices where rotary elements are damped by viscous shear effect only, any throttling effect being immaterial F16F9/12; where members moving with a rotating system are being damped F16F15/16 F16F9/303the damper being of the telescopic type F16F9/306of the constrained layer type, i.e. comprising one or more constrained viscoelastic layers F16F9/32Details F16F9/3207Constructional features F16F9/34 - F16F9/50 take precedence; assembly or repair F16F9/3271 F16F9/3214of pistons F16F9/0227 and F16F9/36 take precedence; throttling passages in or on piston body F16F9/3405 F16F9/3221of piston rods F16F9/3228of connections between pistons and piston rods F16F9/3235of cylinders F16F9/483 takes precedence F16F9/3242of cylinder ends, e.g. caps F16F9/325for attachment of valve units F16F9/3257in twin-tube type devices F16F9/3264Arrangements for indicating, e.g. fluid level; Arrangements for checking dampers F16F9/3292 takes precedence; testing of vehicle damping G01M17/04 F16F9/3271Assembly or repair F16F9/3278for lubrication lubricating per se F16N F16F9/3285for filtering filters per se B01D F16F9/3292Sensor arrangements F16F9/34Special valve constructions F16F9/44, F16F9/50 take precedence; filtering details F16F9/3285 ; valves in general F16KShape or construction of throttling passages F16F9/3405Throttling passages in or on piston body, e.g. slots F16F9/344, F16F9/3481 take precedence F16F9/341comprising noise-reducing or like features, e.g. screens F16F9/3415 takes precedence F16F9/3415characterised by comprising plastics, elastomeric or porous elements F16F9/342Throttling passages operating with metering pins F16F9/486 takes precedence F16F9/344Vortex flow passages F16F9/346Throttling passages in the form of slots arranged in cylinder walls F16F9/3465Slots having a variable section along their length F16F9/348Throttling passages in the form of annular discs or other plate-like elements which may or may not have a spring action, operating in opposite directions or singly, e.g. annular discs positioned on top of the valve or piston body F16F9/341, F16F9/3415 take precedence F16F9/3481characterised by shape or construction of throttling passages in piston F16F9/344 takes precedence F16F9/3482the annular discs being incorporated within the valve or piston body F16F9/3484, F16F9/3485 take precedence F16F9/3484characterised by features of the annular discs per se, singularly or in combination F16F9/3485characterised by features of supporting elements intended to guide or limit the movement of the annular discs F16F9/3488 takes precedence F16F9/3487with spacers or spacing rings F16F9/3488characterised by features intended to affect valve bias or pre-stress F16F9/36Special sealings, including sealings or guides for piston-rods F16F9/325, F16F9/3485 take precedence; arrangements for filling via piston rod sealing or guiding means F16F9/432 ; sealing of moving parts in general F16J15/16 - F16J15/56 F16F9/361Sealings of the bellows-type F16F9/362Combination of sealing and guide arrangements for piston rods F16F9/361, F16F9/365 take precedence F16F9/363the guide being mounted between the piston and the sealing, enabling lubrication of the guide F16F9/364of multi-tube dampers F16F9/365the sealing arrangement having a pressurised chamber separated from the damping medium F16F9/366functioning as guide only, e.g. bushings F16F9/367allowing misalignment of the piston rod F16F9/368Sealings in pistons F16F9/369Sealings for elements other than pistons or piston rods, e.g. valves F16F9/38Covers for protection or appearance F16F9/42Cooling arrangements F16F9/43Filling or drainage arrangements, e.g. for supply of gas filling vessels with, or discharging from vessels, compressed, liquefied, or solidified gases F17C F16F9/432via piston rod sealing or guiding means F16F9/435via opening in cylinder wall F16F9/432 takes precedence F16F9/437Drainage arrangements F16F9/44Means on or in the damper for manual or non-automatic adjustmentsuch means combined with temperature correction F16F9/53, F16F13/26 take precedence; temperature correction only F16F9/52 F16F9/443manually adjusted while the damper is fully retracted or extended in a non-operational mode by rotating mechanical means that have engaged between the piston and one end of the cylinder F16F9/446Adjustment of valve bias or pre-stress F16F9/443 takes precedence F16F9/46allowing control from a distance , i.e. location of means for control input being remote from site of valves, e.g. on damper external wall attachment of valve units to cylinders F16F9/325 F16F9/461characterised by actuation means F16F9/462Rotary actuation means F16F9/463characterised by electrical connections F16F9/464Control of valve bias or pre-stress, e.g. electromagnetically F16F9/465 takes precedence F16F9/465using servo control, the servo pressure being created by the flow of damping fluid, e.g. controlling pressure in a chamber downstream of a pilot passage self-adjustment of damping F16F9/50 F16F9/466Throttling control, i.e. regulation of flow passage geometry F16F9/464, F16F9/465 take precedence F16F9/467using rotary valves F16F9/468controlling at least one bypass to main flow path F16F9/469Valves incorporated in the piston F16F9/467 takes precedence F16F9/48Arrangements for providing different damping effects at different parts of the stroke F16F9/346, F16F9/516 , F16F9/53 take precedence F16F9/483characterised by giving a particular shape to the cylinder, e.g. conical F16F9/486comprising a pin or stem co-operating with an aperture, e.g. a cylinder-mounted stem co-operating with a hollow piston rod F16F9/49Stops limiting fluid passage, e.g. hydraulic stops or elastomeric elements inside the cylinder which contribute to changes in fluid damping fluid-actuated displacement devices with means for accelerating or decelerating the stroke F15B15/22 F16F9/50Special means providing automatic damping adjustment, i.e. self-adjustment of damping by particular sliding movements of a valve element, other than flexions or displacement of valve discsF16F9/53 takes precedence; Special means providing self-adjustment of spring characteristics F16F9/504Inertia , i.e. acceleration,-sensitive means F16F9/512Means responsive to load action, i.e. static load on the damper or dynamic fluid pressure changes in the damper, e.g. due to changes in velocity F16F9/504, F16F9/516 take precedence; non-automatic damper adjustment from a distance using servo control, the servo pressure being created by the flow of damping fluid F16F9/465; self-pumping fluid springs in vehicle suspensions B60G17/044 F16F9/5123responsive to the static or steady-state load on the damper F16F9/5126Piston, or piston-like valve elements F16F9/504 takes precedence F16F9/516resulting in the damping effects during contraction being different from the damping effects during extension , i.e. responsive to the direction of movement F16F9/504 takes precedence F16F9/5165by use of spherical valve elements or like free-moving bodies F16F9/52in case of change of temperature F16F9/003 takes precedence; combined with external adjustment F16F9/44 F16F9/523with coil or spiral of bimetallic elements being used to change flow cross-section F16F9/526Self-adjustment of fluid springs F16F9/53Means for adjusting damping characteristics by varying fluid viscosity, e.g. electromagnetically F16F13/30 takes precedence; brakes comprising a medium with electrically or magnetically controlled friction F16D57/002; electrorheological fluids per se C10M171/001; magnetorheological fluids per se H01F1/447 F16F9/532Electrorheological [ER] fluid dampers F16F9/535Magnetorheological [MR] fluid dampers springs comprising magnetorheological [MR] elastomers F16F1/361 F16F9/537specially adapted valves therefor F16F9/54Arrangements for attachment grommet-type rubber mounting springs per se F16F1/3732; construction of cylinder ends F16F9/3242; attachments to vehicles B60G13/001, B60G15/00 F16F9/56Means for adjusting the length of, or for locking, the spring or damper, e.g. at the end of the stroke F16F9/50 takes precedence; for telescopic gas springs or dampers F16F9/0245; vehicle suspension locking arrangements B60G17/005 F16F9/58Stroke limiting stops, e.g. arranged on the piston rod outside the cylinder F16F9/49 takes precedence F16F9/585within the cylinder, in contact with working fluid F16F13/00Units comprising springs of the non-fluid type as well as vibration-dampers, shock-absorbers, or fluid springs F16F5/00, F16F6/00, F16F9/003 take precedence F16F13/002comprising at least one fluid spring F16F13/005, F16F13/02, F16F13/04 take precedence F16F13/005comprising both a wound spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper F16F13/007the damper being a fluid damper F16F13/02damping by frictional contact between the spring and braking means frictionally coacting wound springs F16F3/06 F16F13/04comprising both a plastics spring and a damper, e.g. a friction damper F16F13/06the damper being a fluid damper, e.g. the plastics spring not forming a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper F16F13/26 takes precedence F16F13/08the plastics spring forming at least a part of the wall of the fluid chamber of the damper F16F13/20 - F16F13/24 take precedence F16F13/085characterised by features of plastics springs; Attachment arrangements F16F13/10the wall being at least in part formed by a flexible membrane or the like F16F13/14 - F16F13/18 take precedence F16F13/101characterised by buffering features or stoppers F16F13/102characterised by features of flexible walls of equilibration chambers; decoupling or self-tuning means F16F13/103characterised by method of assembly, production or treatment F16F13/105characterised by features of partitions between two working chambers F16F13/106Design of constituent elastomeric parts, e.g. decoupling valve elements, or of immediate abutments therefor, e.g. cages F16F13/107Passage design between working chambers F16F13/108characterised by features of plastics springs, e.g. attachment arrangements F16F13/18 takes precedence F16F13/14Units of the bushing type , i.e. loaded predominantly radially bushes F16F1/38; mounting brackets therefor F16F1/3849 F16F13/1409characterised by buffering features or stoppers F16F13/1418characterised by the location or shape of the equilibration chamber F16F13/1427characterised by features of flexible walls of equilibration chambers; decoupling or self-tuning means F16F13/1436with free- or virtually free-floating members F16F13/1445characterised by method of assembly, production or treatment F16F13/1454Sealing of units F16F13/1463characterised by features of passages between working chambers F16F13/1472Valve elements to cope with over-pressure, e.g. lips F16F13/1481characterised by features of plastic springs, e.g. presence of cavities or stiffeners; characterised by features of flexible walls of equilibration chambers, i.e. membranes F16F13/149Multiple bushings connected together; Restraining links F16F13/16specially adapted for receiving axial loads F16F13/1436 takes precedence F16F13/18characterised by the location or the shape of the equilibration chamber, e.g. the equilibration chamber, surrounding the plastics spring or being annular F16F13/1418 takes precedence F16F13/20characterised by comprising also a pneumatic spring F16F13/22, F16F13/26 take precedence F16F13/22characterised by comprising also a dynamic damper dampers using inertia effect per se F16F7/10 F16F13/24the central part of the unit being supported by one element and both extremities of the unit being supported by a single other element, i.e. double acting mounting F16F13/26characterised by adjusting or regulating devices responsive to exterior conditions F16F13/101 takes precedence F16F13/262changing geometry of passages between working and equilibration chambers, e.g. cross-sectional area or length F16F13/28 takes precedence F16F13/264comprising means for acting dynamically on the walls bounding a working chamber F16F13/266comprising means for acting dynamically on the walls bounding a passage between working and equilibration chambers F16F13/268comprising means for acting dynamically on the walls bounding an equilibration chamber F16F13/264 take precedence F16F13/28specially adapted for units of the bushing type F16F13/30 takes precedence F16F13/30comprising means for varying fluid viscosity, e.g. of magnetic or electrorheological fluids F16F13/305magnetorheological F16F15/00Suppression of vibrations in systems damping of non-rotary systems using inertia effect F16F7/10; prevention or isolation of vibrations in machine tools B23Q11/0032; suppression of driveline vibrations in hybrid vehicle transmissions B60W30/20 ; vehicle seat suspension devices B60N2/50; methods or devices for protecting against, or damping of, acoustic waves, e.g. sound G10K11/16Means or arrangements for avoiding or reducing out-of-balance forces, e.g. due to motion vibration absorbing or balancing means for aircraft propellers B64C11/008, for rotorcraft rotors B64C27/001 ; testing static and dynamic balance of machines or structures G01M1/00 F16F15/002characterised by the control method or circuitry control of mechanical oscillations per se G05D19/00 F16F15/005using electro- or magnetostrictive actuation means generating of mechanical vibrations operating with electrostriction B06B1/06, with magnetostriction B06B1/08; vehicle suspension arrangements characterised by use of piezo-electric elements B60G17/01941; piezo-electric, electrostrictive and magnetostrictive devices per se H10N30/00 F16F15/007Piezo-electric elements being placed under pre-constraint, e.g. placed under compression F16F15/02Suppression of vibrations of non-rotating, e.g. reciprocating systemsSuppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of members not moving with the rotating systems F16F15/005 takes precedence ; layered products B32B; suppression of vibration in ships B63; relieving load on bearings, using magnetic means F16C39/06 F16F15/021Decoupling of vibrations by means of point-of-contact supports, e.g. ball bearings F16F15/022using dampers and springs in combination F16F15/023using fluid means F16F15/0232with at least one gas spring F16F15/027 takes precedence F16F15/0235where a rotating member is in contact with fluid rotary viscous dampers per se F16F9/12; suppression of vibrations in rotating systems containing a fluid F16F15/16 F16F15/0237involving squeeze-film damping F16F15/027comprising control arrangements F16F15/0237 takes precedence F16F15/0275Control of stiffness F16F15/03using magnetic or electromagnetic means F16F9/53, F16F15/005 take precedence F16F15/035by use of eddy or induced-current damping dynamo-electric brakes of the eddy-current type H02K49/04 F16F15/04using elastic means single elements or their attachment F16F1/00 - F16F13/00; F16F15/023, F16F15/03 take precedence F16F15/043acting on a cam follower F16F15/046using combinations of springs of different kinds F16F15/085 takes precedence F16F15/06with metal springs with rubber springs also F16F15/08 F16F15/063with bars or tubes used as torsional elements F16F15/067using only wound springs F16F15/073using only leaf springs F16F15/08with rubber springs grommet- or bushing-type resilient mountings F16F1/3732, F16F1/38; with springs made of rubber and metal arrangement of internal-combustion or jet-propulsion units B60K5/12; mounting of propulsion plants on vessels B63H21/30; mounting of vehicle drivers' cabs B62D33/0604 F16F15/085Use of both rubber and metal springs F16F15/10Suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by making use of members moving with the system by balancing F16F15/22 ; yielding couplings F16D3/00 ; with flywheels acting variably or intermittently F16H ; construction providing resilience or vibration-damping for gear elements F16H55/14 F16F15/12using elastic members or friction-damping members, e.g. between a rotating shaft and a gyratory mass mounted thereon F16F15/14 , F16F15/16 take precedence F16F15/1201for damping of axial or radial, i.e. non-torsional vibrations F16F15/13107 takes precedence F16F15/1202the damping action being at least partially controlled by centrifugal masses F16F15/13128 takes precedence F16F15/1203characterised by manufacturing, e.g. assembling or testing procedures for the damper units F16F15/13142 takes precedence F16F15/1204with a kinematic mechanism or gear system F16F15/1202, F16F15/13157 take precedence F16F15/1205with a kinematic mechanism, i.e. linkages, levers F16F15/1206with a planetary gear system F16F15/1207characterised by the supporting arrangement of the damper unit F16F15/1238, F16F15/13164 take precedence F16F15/1208Bearing arrangements F16F15/1209comprising sliding bearings F16F15/121using springs as elastic members, e.g. metallic springs F16F15/133 takes precedence F16F15/1211C-shaped springs F16F15/1212disposed around axis of rotation F16F15/1213Spiral springs, e.g. lying in one plane, around axis of rotation F16F15/1214Folded springs, i.e. made of band-like material folded in an enclosing space F16F15/1215Leaf springs, e.g. radially extending F16F15/1216Torsional springs, e.g. torsion bar or torsionally-loaded coil springs F16F15/1217Motion-limiting means, e.g. means for locking the spring unit in pre-defined positions F16F15/1202, F16F15/1338 take precedence F16F15/1218by means of spring-loaded radially arranged locking means F16F15/1219by means of spring-loaded axially arranged locking means F16F15/123Wound springs F16F15/1213, F16F15/1216, F16F15/127 take precedence F16F15/12306Radially mounted springs F16F15/12313characterised by the dimension or shape of spring-containing windows F16F15/1232characterised by the spring mounting F16F15/12306, F16F15/12313 take precedence F16F15/12326End-caps for springs F16F15/12333having internal abutment means F16F15/1234Additional guiding means for springs, e.g. for support along the body of springs that extend circumferentially over a significant length F16F15/12346Set of springs, e.g. springs within springs F16F15/12353Combinations of dampers, e.g. with multiple plates, multiple spring sets, i.e. complex configurations F16F15/1236resulting in a staged spring characteristic, e.g. with multiple intermediate plates F16F15/12366acting on multiple sets of springs F16F15/12373the sets of springs being arranged at substantially the same radius F16F15/1238with pre-damper, i.e. additional set of springs between flange of main damper and hub F16F15/12386Pre-damper cage construction F16F15/12393pre-damper springs are of non-wound type, e.g. leaf springs F16F15/124Elastomeric springs F16F15/123, F16F15/127 take precedence F16F15/1245Elastic elements arranged between substantially-radial walls of two parts rotatable with respect to each other, e.g. between engaging teeth F16F15/126consisting of at least one annular element surrounding the axis of rotation F16F15/127using plastics springs combined with other types of springs F16F15/129characterised by friction-damping means F16F15/1202, F16F15/1238 , F16F15/131 take precedence F16F15/1292characterised by arrangements for axially clamping or positioning or otherwise influencing the frictional plates F16F15/1295characterised by means for interconnecting driven plates and retainer, cover plates F16F15/1297Overload protection, i.e. means for limiting torque F16F15/131the rotating system comprising two or more gyratory masses F16F15/13107for damping of axial or radial, i.e. non-torsional vibrations F16F15/13114characterised by modifications for auxiliary purposes, e.g. provision of a timing mark F16F15/13121characterised by clutch arrangements, e.g. for activation; integrated with clutch members, e.g. pressure member F16F15/13128the damping action being at least partially controlled by centrifugal masses flywheels characterised by means to vary the moment of inertia F16F15/31 F16F15/13135simple connection or disconnection of members at speed F16F15/13142characterised by the method of assembly, production or treatment F16F15/13114 takes precedence F16F15/1315Multi-part primary or secondary masses, e.g. assembled from pieces of sheet steel F16F15/13157with a kinematic mechanism or gear system, e.g. planetary F16F15/13128 takes precedence F16F15/13164characterised by the supporting arrangement of the damper unit F16F15/13171Bearing arrangements F16F15/13192 takes precedence F16F15/13178comprising slide bearings F16F15/13185Bolting arrangements F16F15/13171 takes precedence F16F15/13192Thermal shielding F16F15/133using springs as elastic members, e.g. metallic springs F16F15/1331C-shaped springs F16F15/1332disposed around axis of rotation F16F15/1333Spiral springs, e.g. lying in one plane, around axis of rotation F16F15/1335Folded springs, i.e. made of band-like material folded in an enclosing space F16F15/1336Leaf springs, e.g. radially extending F16F15/1337Torsional springs, e.g. torsion bar or torsionally-loaded coil springs F16F15/1338Motion-limiting means, e.g. means for locking the spring unit in pre-defined positions F16F15/13128 takes precedence F16F15/134Wound springs F16F15/1333, F16F15/1337, F16F15/137 take precedence F16F15/13407Radially mounted springs F16F15/13415characterised by the dimension or shape of spring-containing windows F16F15/13423Disposition of material for damping or avoiding wear F16F15/1343characterised by the spring mounting F16F15/13407, F16F15/13415 take precedence F16F15/13438End-caps for springs F16F15/13446having internal abutment means F16F15/13453Additional guiding means for springs F16F15/13461Set of springs, e.g. springs within springs F16F15/13469Combinations of dampers, e.g. with multiple plates, multiple spring sets, i.e. complex configurations F16F15/13476resulting in a staged spring characteristic, e.g. with multiple intermediate plates F16F15/13484acting on multiple sets of springs F16F15/13492the sets of springs being arranged at substantially the same radius F16F15/136Plastics springs, e.g. made of rubber F16F15/134, F16F15/137 take precedence F16F15/137the elastic members consisting of two or more springs of different kinds, e.g. elastomeric members and wound springs F16F15/139characterised by friction-damping means F16F15/13128 takes precedence F16F15/1392characterised by arrangements for axially clamping or positioning or otherwise influencing the frictional plates F16F15/1395characterised by main friction means acting radially outside the circumferential lines of action of the elastic members F16F15/1397Overload protection, i.e. means for limiting torque F16F15/14using masses freely rotating with the system, i.e. uninvolved in transmitting driveline torque, e.g. rotative dynamic dampers compensation of inertia forces F16F15/22; weights for balancing rotating bodies F16F15/32 F16F15/1407the rotation being limited with respect to the driving means F16F15/1414Masses driven by elastic elements F16F15/145, F16F15/1464 take precedence F16F15/1421Metallic springs, e.g. coil or spiral springs F16F15/1428with a single mass F16F15/1435Elastomeric springs, i.e. made of plastic or rubber F16F15/1442with a single mass F16F15/145Masses mounted with play with respect to driving means thus enabling free movement over a limited range F16F15/1457Systems with a single mass F16F15/1464Masses connected to driveline by a kinematic mechanism or gear system F16F15/145 takes precedence F16F15/1471with a kinematic mechanism, i.e. linkages, levers F16F15/1478with a planetary gear system F16F15/1485the rotation being unlimited with respect to driving means with a fluid connection between inertia member and rotating driving means F16F15/167 F16F15/1492with a dry-friction connection F16F15/16using a fluid or pasty materialF16F9/53, F16F15/13157 take precedence; devices connecting input and output members F16D F16F15/161characterised by the fluid damping devices, e.g. passages, orifices F16F15/162 takes precedence F16F15/162with forced fluid circulation F16F15/163fluid acting as a lubricant F16F15/164characterised by manufacturing, e.g. assembling or testing procedures F16F15/165Sealing arrangements F16F15/167having an inertia member, e.g. ring F16F15/173provided within a closed housing F16F15/36 takes precedence F16F15/18using electric, magnetic or electromagnetic means suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by use of non-rotating magnetic or electromagnetic means F16F15/03; dynamo-electric devices H02K; control effected upon generator excitation circuit to reduce harmful effects of overloads or transients H02P9/10 F16F15/20Suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by favourable grouping or relative arrangements of the moving members of the system or systems F16F15/24 takes precedence F16F15/22Compensation of inertia forces suppression of vibrations of rotating systems by favourable grouping or relative arrangements of the moving members of the system or systems F16F15/20, counterweights F16F15/28; correcting-weights for balancing rotating bodies F16F15/32 F16F15/223Use of systems involving rotary unbalanced masses where the phase-angle of masses mounted on counter-rotating shafts can be varied generation of mechanical vibrations per se with such systems B06B1/166 F16F15/226in star engine arrangements F16F15/24of crankshaft systems by particular disposition of cranks, pistons, or the like shape of crankshafts or eccentric-shafts having regard to balancing F16C3/20 F16F15/26of crankshaft systems using solid masses, other than the ordinary pistons, moving with the system , i.e. masses connected through a kinematic mechanism or gear system F16F15/226 takes precedence F16F15/261where masses move linearly F16F15/262Masses attached to pinions, camshafts or driving shafts for auxiliary equipment, e.g. for an oil pump F16F15/264Rotating balancer shafts F16F15/262 takes precedence F16F15/265Arrangement of two or more balancer shafts F16F15/267 takes precedence F16F15/267characterised by bearing support of balancer shafts; Lubrication arrangements F16F15/268Hollow shafts F16F15/28Counterweights, i.e. additional weights counterbalancing inertia forces induced by the reciprocating movement of masses in the system, e.g. of pistons attached to an engine crankshaft rotating balancer shafts F16F15/264; correcting-weights for balancing rotating bodies F16F15/32Attaching or mounting same F16F15/283for engine crankshafts F16F15/286Adjustable weights F16F15/30Flywheels F16F15/16, F16F15/28 take precedence; suppression of vibrations in rotating systems using elastic members or friction-damping members moving with the system, i.e. split flywheels or single masses connected to a hub by elastic members or friction-damping members F16F15/12; rotary-body aspects in general F16C13/00, F16C15/00 F16F15/302comprising arrangements for cooling or thermal insulation F16F15/305made of plastics, e.g. fibre-reinforced plastics [FRP], i.e. characterised by their special construction from such materials F16F15/31characterised by means for varying the moment of inertia F16F15/315characterised by their supporting arrangement, e.g. mountings, cages, securing inertia member to shaft F16F15/31 takes precedence F16F15/3153Securing inertia members to the shafts F16F15/3156Arrangement of the bearings F16F15/32Correcting- or balancing-weights or equivalent means for balancing rotating bodies, e.g. vehicle wheels suppression of vibrations in rotating systems by using freely rotating masses F16F15/14; compensation of inertia forces F16F15/22; compensating unbalance for testing purposes G01M1/30 F16F15/322the rotating body being a shaft F16F15/34, F16F15/36 take precedence F16F15/324the rotating body being a vehicle wheel F16F15/36 takes precedence; tyre parts or constructions not otherwise provided for B60C19/00 F16F15/326specially adapted for attachment to spokes F16F15/328Multiple weights on adhesive strip F16F15/34Fastening arrangements therefor Hand held gripping tools B25B7/00 F16F15/345specially adapted for attachment to a vehicle wheel F16F15/36operating automatically , i.e. where, for a given amount of unbalance, there is movement of masses until balance is achieved damping vibrations of washing machines by displacing, supplying or ejecting a material, e.g. liquid, into or from counterbalancing pockets D06F37/245 F16F15/363using rolling bodies, e.g. balls free to move in a circumferential direction F16F15/366using fluid or powder means, i.e. non-discrete material F16F2222/00 F16F2222/00Special physical effects, e.g. nature of damping effects F16F2222/02temperature-related F16F2228/002 takes precedence F16F2222/025Cooling F16F2222/04Friction F16F2222/06Magnetic or electromagnetic F16F2222/08Inertia F16F2222/10Adhesion F16F2222/12Fluid damping F16F2222/123decreasing with increasing flow F16F2222/126using gases F16F2222/14superconducting F16F2224/00MaterialsMaterial properties F16F2224/005Combined materials of same basic nature but differing characteristics F16F2224/02solids F16F2224/0208Alloys F16F2224/0216bimetallic F16F2224/0225Cellular, e.g. microcellular foam F16F2224/0233deforming plastically in operation F16F2224/0241Fibre-reinforced plastics [FRP] F16F2224/025Elastomers F16F2224/0258Shape-memory metals, e.g. Ni-Ti alloys F16F2224/0266porosity F16F2224/0275Ceramics F16F2224/0283piezoelectricelectro- or magnetostrictive F16F2224/0291PTFE F16F2224/04Fluids F16F2224/041Dilatant F16F2224/043electrorheological F16F2224/045magnetorheological F16F2224/046pneumatic F16F2224/048High viscosity, semi-solid pastiness F16F2224/041 takes precedence F16F2226/00ManufacturingTreatments F16F2226/02Surface treatments F16F2226/023by laser or similar treatment by rays F16F2226/026low-friction F16F2226/04Assembly or fixing methodsmethods to form or fashion parts F16F2226/041Clipping F16F2226/042Gluing F16F2226/044Snapping F16F2226/045Press-fitting F16F2226/047Sheet-metal stamping F16F2226/048Welding F16F2228/00Functional characteristics, e.g. variability, frequency-dependence F16F2228/001Specific functional characteristics in numerical form or in the form of equations F16F2228/002Temperature F16F2228/004Force or pressure F16F2228/005Material properties, e.g. moduli F16F2228/007of solids, e.g. hardness F16F2228/008of semi-solids or fluids, e.g. viscosity F16F2228/04Frequency effects F16F2228/06Stiffness F16F2228/063Negative stiffness F16F2228/066Variable stiffness F16F2228/08pre-stressed F16F2228/10with threshold or dead zone F16F2228/12degressive F16F2228/14progressive F16F2230/00PurposeDesign features F16F2230/0005Attachment, e.g. to facilitate mounting onto confer adjustability F16F2230/0011Balancing, e.g. counterbalancing to produce static balance F16F2230/0017Calibrating F16F2230/0023protective F16F2230/0029Location, co-location F16F2230/0035Gripping F16F2230/0041LockingFixing in position F16F2230/0047Measuring, indicating F16F2230/0052Physically guiding or influencing F16F2230/0058using inserts or exterior elements, e.g. to affect stiffness F16F2230/0064using a cam F16F2230/007with, or used as an end stop or bufferLimiting excessive axial separation F16F2230/0076Pivoting F16F2230/0082Dimensional tolerances, e.g. play between mechanical elements F16F2230/0088Timing F16F2230/0094Magnifying a physical effect F16F2230/02Surface features, e.g. notches or protuberances F16F2230/04Lubrication F16F2230/06Fluid filling or discharging F16F2230/08Sensor arrangement F16F2230/10Enclosure elements, e.g. for protection F16F2230/105Flexible, e.g. bellows or bladder F16F2230/12Gas generation, e.g. by mixing of chemicals F16F2230/14Ball jointsSpherical support elements F16F2230/16used in a strut, basically rigid F16F2230/18Control arrangements F16F2230/183fluid actuated F16F2230/186with manual adjustments F16F2230/20Location of equilibration chamber F16F2230/22Pumps F16F2230/24Detecting or preventing malfunction, e.g. fail safe F16F2230/26Air gap F16F2230/28Inclination of a suspension element F16F2230/30Sealing arrangements F16F2230/32Modular design F16F2230/34Flexural hinges F16F2230/36Holes, slots or the like F16F2230/38Off-centre positioning F16F2230/40Multi-layer F16F2230/42Multiple pistons F16F2230/46Maintenance F16F2230/48Thermal insulation F16F2232/00Nature of movement F16F2232/02Rotary F16F2232/04Rotary-to-translation conversion F16F2232/06Translation-to-rotary conversion F16F2232/08Linear F16F2234/00Shape F16F2234/02cylindrical F16F2234/04conical F16F2234/06plane or flat F16F2234/08spherical F16F2236/00Mode of stressing of basic spring or damper elements or devices incorporating such elements F16F2236/02the stressing resulting in flexion of the spring F16F2236/022of membrane-type springs F16F2236/025radial flexion of ring-type springs F16F2236/027of strip- or leg-type springs F16F2236/04Compression F16F2236/045the spring material being generally enclosed F16F2236/06Tension F16F2236/08Torsion F16F2236/085the spring being annular F16F2236/10Shear F16F2236/103linear F16F2236/106rotational F16F2236/12loaded in combined stresses F16F2236/123loaded in compression and shear F16F2236/126Neidhart-type rubber springs F16F2238/00Type of springs or dampers F16F2238/02Springs F16F2238/022leaf-like, e.g. of thin, planar-like metal F16F2238/024torsional F16F2238/026wound- or coil-like F16F2238/028Winding direction thereof F16F2238/04Damper F16F2238/045Lead shear damper