C07BGENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRYAPPARATUS THEREFOR preparation of carboxylic acid esters by telomerisation C07C67/47; telomerisation C08FIn this subclass, the functional group which is present already in some residue being introduced and is not substantially involved in a chemical reaction, is not considered as the functional group which is formed or introduced as a result of the chemical reaction.In this subclass, the following term is used with the meaning indicated: "separation" means separation only for the purposes of recovering organic compounds.When classifying in this subclass, classification is also made in group B01D15/08 insofar as subject matter of general interest relating to chromatography is concernedIn this subclass, the last place priority rule is applied, i.e. at each hierarchical level, in the absence of an indication to the contrary, classification is made in the last appropriate place according to the type of reaction employed, noting the bond or the functional group which is formed or introduced as a result of the chemical reaction.C07B59/00 and subgroups thereof are used for the classification of individual labelled compounds as well as for general methods.C07B61/02 is used for the classification of individual free radicals as well as for general methods. The following IPC group is not in the CPC scheme. The subject matter for this IPC group is classified in the following CPC group: C07B60/00 covered by C07B61/02 C07B31/00 C07B31/00Reduction in general C07B33/00Oxidation in general C07B35/00Reactions without formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms C07B35/00Reactions without formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms, involving a change in the type of bonding between two carbon atoms already directly linked C07B35/02Reduction C07B35/04Dehydrogenation C07B35/06Decomposition, e.g. elimination of halogens, water or hydrogen halides C07B35/08Isomerisation C07B37/00Reactions without formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms, involving either the formation of a carbon-to-carbon bond between two carbon atoms not directly linked already or the disconnection of two directly linked carbon atoms C07B37/02Addition C07B37/04Substitution C07B37/06Decomposition, e.g. elimination of carbon dioxide C07B37/08Isomerisation C07B37/10Cyclisation C07B37/12Diels-Alder reactions C07B39/00Reactions with formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms C07B39/00Halogenation C07B41/00Formation or introduction of functional groups containing oxygen C07B41/02of hydroxy or O-metal groups C07B41/04of ether, acetal or ketal groups C07B41/06of carbonyl groups C07B41/08of carboxyl groups or salts, halides or anhydrides thereof C07B41/10Salts, halides or anhydrides of carboxyl groups C07B41/12of carboxylic acid ester groups C07B41/14of peroxy of hydroperoxy groups C07B43/00Formation or introduction of functional groups containing nitrogen C07B43/02of nitro or nitroso groups C07B43/04of amino groups C07B43/06of amide groups C07B43/08of cyano groups C07B43/10of isocyanate groups C07B45/00Formation or introduction of functional groups containing sulfur C07B45/02of sulfo or sulfonyldioxy groups C07B45/04of sulfonyl or sulfinyl groups C07B45/06of mercapto or sulfide groups C07B47/00Formation or introduction of functional groups not provided for in groups C07B39/00 - C07B45/00 C07B49/00Grignard reactions C07B51/00Introduction of protecting groups or activating groups, not provided for in the preceding groups C07B53/00Asymmetric syntheses C07B55/00RacemisationComplete or partial inversion C07B57/00Separation of optically-active compounds C07B59/00Introduction of isotopes of elements into organic compounds ; Labelled organic compounds per se C07B59/001Acyclic or carbocyclic compounds C07B59/002Heterocyclic compounds C07B59/004Acyclic, carbocyclic or heterocyclic compounds containing elements other than carbon, hydrogen, halogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, selenium or tellurium C07B59/005Sugars; Derivatives thereof; Nucleosides; Nucleotides; Nucleic acids C07B59/007Steroids C07B59/008Peptides; Proteins C07B61/00Other general methods C07B61/02Generation of organic free radicals; Organic free radicals per se C07B63/00PurificationSeparationStabilisation C07B63/00PurificationSeparation separation of optically-active compounds C07B57/00StabilisationUse of additives C07B63/02by treatment giving rise to a chemical modification C07B63/04Use of additives anti-oxidant compositions or compositions inhibiting chemical change in general C09K15/00 C07B2200/00 C07B2200/00Indexing scheme relating to specific properties of organic compounds C07B2200/01Charge-transfer complexes C07B2200/03Free radicals C07B2200/05Isotopically modified compounds, e.g. labelled C07B2200/07Optical isomers C07B2200/09Geometrical isomers C07B2200/11Compounds covalently bound to a solid support C07B2200/13Crystalline forms, e.g. polymorphs