F25J

LIQUEFACTION, SOLIDIFICATION OR SEPARATION OF GASES OR GASEOUS

OR LIQUEFIED GASEOUS

MIXTURES BY PRESSURE AND COLD TREATMENT

OR BY BRINGING THEM INTO THE SUPERCRITICAL STATE cryogenic pumps F04B37/08; gas storage vessels, gas holders F17; filing vessels with, or discharging from vessels, compressed, liquefied or solidified gases F17C; refrigeration machines, plants, or systems F25B

In this subclass non-limiting references (in the sense of paragraph 39 of the Guide to the IPC) may still be displayed in the scheme.

F25J1/00

Processes or apparatus for liquefying or solidifying gases or gaseous mixtures

recovering volatile solvents by condensation B01D5/00; vapor recovery systems combined with filling nozzles B67D7/54; solidification of carbonic acid C01B32/55; for ammonia in general C01C1/00

F25J1/0002

characterised by the fluid to be liquefied

F25J1/0005

Light or noble gases F25J1/0012 takes precedence

F25J1/0007

Helium

F25J1/001

Hydrogen

F25J1/0012

Primary atmospheric gases, e.g. air

F25J1/0015

Nitrogen

F25J1/0017

Oxygen

F25J1/002

Argon

F25J1/0022

Hydrocarbons, e.g. natural gas

F25J1/0025

Boil-off gases "BOG" from storages

F25J1/0027

Oxides of carbon, e.g. CO₂

F25J1/003

characterised by the kind of cold generation within the liquefaction unit for compensating heat leaks and liquid production

F25J1/0032

using the feed stream itself or separated fractions from it, i.e. "internal refrigeration"

F25J1/0035

by gas expansion with extraction of work

F25J1/0037

of a return stream

F25J1/004

by flash gas recovery F25J1/0267 takes precedence

F25J1/0042

by liquid expansion with extraction of work

F25J1/0045

by vaporising a liquid return stream

F25J1/0047

using an "external" refrigerant stream in a closed vapor compression cycle F25J1/0221, F25J1/0225 take precedence

F25J1/005

by expansion of a gaseous refrigerant stream with extraction of work

F25J1/0052

by vaporising a liquid refrigerant stream

F25J1/0055

originating from an incorporated cascade

F25J1/0057

after expansion of the liquid refrigerant stream with extraction of work

F25J1/006

characterised by the refrigerant fluid used refrigerants in vapor compression cycles F25B9/002, refrigerant materials per se

C09K5/00

F25J1/0062

Light or noble gases, mixtures thereof F25J1/007 takes precedence

F25J1/0065

Helium

F25J1/0067

Hydrogen

F25J1/007

Primary atmospheric gases, mixtures thereof

F25J1/0072

Nitrogen

F25J1/0075

Oxygen

F25J1/0077

Argon

F25J1/008

Hydrocarbons

F25J1/0082

Methane

F25J1/0085

Ethane; Ethylene

F25J1/0087

Propane; Propylene

F25J1/009

Hydrocarbons with four or more carbon atoms

F25J1/0092

Mixtures of hydrocarbons comprising possibly also minor amounts of nitrogen

F25J1/0095

Oxides of carbon, e.g. CO₂

F25J1/0097

Others, e.g. F-, Cl-, HF-, HClF-, HCl-hydrocarbons etc. or mixtures thereof

F25J1/02

requiring the use of refrigeration, e.g. of helium or hydrogen

Details and kind of the refrigeration system used; Integration with other units or processes; Controlling aspects of the process

F25J1/0201

using only internal refrigeration means, i.e. without external refrigeration

F25J1/0202

in a quasi-closed internal refrigeration loop F25J1/0208, F25J1/0219, F25J1/0224 take precedence

F25J1/0203

using a single-component refrigerant [SCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle F25J1/0211 takes precedence

F25J1/0204

as a single flow SCR cycle

F25J1/0205

as a dual level SCR refrigeration cascade

F25J1/0207

as at least a three level SCR refrigeration cascade

F25J1/0208

in combination with an internal quasi-closed refrigeration loop, e.g. with deep flash recycle loop F25J1/021 takes precedence

F25J1/0209

as at least a three level refrigeration cascade

F25J1/021

using a deep flash recycle loop

F25J1/0211

using a multi-component refrigerant [MCR] fluid in a closed vapor compression cycle

F25J1/0212

as a single flow MCR cycle

F25J1/0214

as a dual level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle

F25J1/0215

with one SCR cycle

F25J1/0216

using a C3 pre-cooling cycle

F25J1/0217

as at least a three level refrigeration cascade with at least one MCR cycle

F25J1/0218

with one or more SCR cycles, e.g. with a C3 pre-cooling cycle

F25J1/0219

in combination with an internal quasi-closed refrigeration loop, e.g. using a deep flash recycle loop

F25J1/0221

using the cold stored in an external cryogenic component in an open refrigeration loop

F25J1/0222

in combination with an intermediate heat exchange fluid between the cryogenic component and the fluid to be liquefied F25J1/0224 takes precedence

F25J1/0223

in combination with the subsequent re-vaporisation of the originally liquefied gas at a second location to produce the external cryogenic component

F25J1/0224

in combination with an internal quasi-closed refrigeration loop F25J1/0208, F25J1/0219 take precedence

F25J1/0225

using other external refrigeration means not provided before, e.g. heat driven absorption chillers

F25J1/0227

within a refrigeration cascade

F25J1/0228

Coupling of the liquefaction unit to other units or processes, so-called integrated processes combined plants, e.g. engine plant combined with an industrial process F01K23/064; gas turbine plants in combination with other processes F02C6/00

F25J1/0229

Integration with a unit for using hydrocarbons, e.g. consuming hydrocarbons as feed stock

F25J1/023

for the combustion as fuels, i.e. integration with the fuel gas system

F25J1/0231

for the working-up of the hydrocarbon feed, e.g. reinjection of heavier hydrocarbons into the liquefied gas

F25J1/0232

integration within a pressure letdown station of a high pressure pipeline system

F25J1/0234

Integration with a cryogenic air separation unit cryogenic separation of air F25J3/04

F25J1/0235

Heat exchange integration

F25J1/0236

providing refrigeration for different processes treating not the same feed stream

F25J1/0237

integrating refrigeration provided for liquefaction and purification/treatment of the gas to be liquefied, e.g. heavy hydrocarbon removal from natural gas details related to rectification F25J3/02; details related to partial condensation F25J3/06; working-up natural gas C10L3/10

F25J1/0238

Purification or treatment step is integrated within one refrigeration cycle only, i.e. the same or single refrigeration cycle provides feed gas cooling (if present) and overhead gas cooling

F25J1/0239

Purification or treatment step being integrated between two refrigeration cycles of a refrigeration cascade, i.e. first cycle providing feed gas cooling and second cycle providing overhead gas cooling

F25J1/0241

wherein the overhead cooling comprises providing reflux for a fractionation step

F25J1/0242

Waste heat recovery, e.g. from heat of compression

F25J1/0243

Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used; Details of the refrigerant compression system used

F25J1/0244

Operation; Control and regulation; Instrumentation F25J1/0279 takes precedence

F25J1/0245

Different modes, i.e. 'runs', of operation; Process control

F25J1/0247

start-up of the process

F25J1/0248

Stopping of the process, e.g. defrosting or deriming, maintenance; Back-up mode or systems

F25J1/0249

Controlling refrigerant inventory, i.e. composition or quantity charging or discharging refrigerants in cooling systems F25B45/00

F25J1/025

Details related to the refrigerant production or treatment, e.g. make-up supply from feed gas itself

F25J1/0251

Intermittent or alternating process, so-called batch process, e.g. "peak-shaving"

F25J1/0252

Control strategy, e.g. advanced process control or dynamic modeling

F25J1/0254

controlling particular process parameter, e.g. pressure, temperature

F25J1/0255

controlling the composition of the feed or liquefied gas, e.g. to achieve a particular heating value of natural gas

F25J1/0256

Safety aspects of operation F25J1/0298 takes precedence

F25J1/0257

Construction and layout of liquefaction equipments, e.g. valves, machines F25J1/0279 takes precedence

F25J1/0258

vertical layout of the equipments within in the cold box

F25J1/0259

Modularity and arrangement of parts of the liquefaction unit and in particular of the cold box, e.g. pre-fabrication, assembling and erection, dimensions, horizontal layout "plot"

F25J1/0261

Details of cold box insulation, housing and internal structure buildings forming parts of cooling plants E04H5/10

F25J1/0262

Details of the cold heat exchange system constructional details F25J5/00, construction of cold-exchangers in general F28

F25J1/0263

using different types of heat exchangers

F25J1/0264

Arrangement of heat exchanger cores in parallel with different functions, e.g. different cooling streams F25J1/0272 takes precedence

F25J1/0265

comprising cores associated exclusively with the cooling of a refrigerant stream, e.g. for auto-refrigeration or economizer

F25J1/0267

using flash gas as heat sink

F25J1/0268

using a dedicated refrigeration means F25J1/0296 takes precedence

F25J1/0269

Arrangement of liquefaction units or equipments fulfilling the same process step, e.g. multiple "trains" concept F25J1/0294 takes precedence

F25J1/027

Inter-connecting multiple hot equipments upstream of the cold box

F25J1/0271

Inter-connecting multiple cold equipments within or downstream of the cold box

F25J1/0272

Multiple identical heat exchangers in parallel

F25J1/0274

Retrofitting or revamping of an existing liquefaction unit

F25J1/0275

adapted for special use of the liquefaction unit, e.g. portable or transportable devices

F25J1/0276

Laboratory or other miniature devices

F25J1/0277

Offshore use, e.g. during shipping

F25J1/0278

Unit being stationary, e.g. on floating barge or fixed platform

F25J1/0279

Compression of refrigerant or internal recycle fluid, e.g. kind of compressor, accumulator, suction drum etc.

F25J1/0281

characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander

F25J1/0282

Steam turbine as the prime mechanical driver

F25J1/0283

Gas turbine as the prime mechanical driver

F25J1/0284

Electrical motor as the prime mechanical driver

F25J1/0285

Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same refrigerant compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings

F25J1/0287

including an electrical motor

F25J1/0288

using work extraction by mechanical coupling of compression and expansion of the refrigerant, so-called companders

F25J1/0289

Use of different types of prime drivers of at least two refrigerant compressors in a cascade refrigeration system

F25J1/029

Mechanically coupling of different refrigerant compressors in a cascade refrigeration system to a common driver

F25J1/0291

Refrigerant compression by combined gas compression and liquid pumping

F25J1/0292

Refrigerant compression by cold or cryogenic suction of the refrigerant gas

F25J1/0294

Multiple compressor casings/strings in parallel, e.g. split arrangement

F25J1/0295

Shifting of the compression load between different cooling stages within a refrigerant cycle or within a cascade refrigeration system

F25J1/0296

Removal of the heat of compression, e.g. within an inter- or afterstage-cooler against an ambient heat sink

F25J1/0297

using an externally chilled fluid, e.g. chilled water

F25J1/0298

Safety aspects and control of the refrigerant compression system, e.g. anti-surge control

F25J3/00

Processes or apparatus for separating the constituents of gaseous

or liquefied gaseous

mixtures involving the use of liquefaction or solidification

F25J3/02

by rectification, i.e. by continuous interchange of heat and material between a vapour stream and a liquid stream F25J3/08 takes precedence

; purification of hydrocarbons in general C07C7/00

F25J3/0204

characterised by the feed stream for air F25J3/04

F25J3/0209

Natural gas or substitute natural gas

F25J3/0214

Liquefied natural gas

F25J3/0219

Refinery gas, cracking gas, coke oven gas, gaseous mixtures containing aliphatic unsaturated CnHm or gaseous mixtures of undefined nature

F25J3/0223

H₂/CO mixtures, i.e. synthesis gas; Water gas or shifted synthesis gas production of carbon monoxide containing gas in general C01B32/40, C10J, C10K; production of hydrogen containing gas C01B3/00

F25J3/0228

characterised by the separated product stream

F25J3/0233

separation of CnHm with 1 carbon atom or more

F25J3/0238

separation of CnHm with 2 carbon atoms or more

F25J3/0242

separation of CnHm with 3 carbon atoms or more

F25J3/0247

separation of CnHm with 4 carbon atoms or more

F25J3/0252

separation of hydrogen production of hydrogen containing gas in general C01B3/00, e.g. separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases form gaseous mixtures at low temperatures C01B3/506

F25J3/0257

separation of nitrogen from air F25J3/04, production of nitrogen in general C01B21/00

F25J3/0261

separation of carbon monoxide production of carbon monoxide containing gas in general C01B32/40, C10J, C10K

F25J3/0266

separation of carbon dioxide production of carbon dioxide in general C01B32/00

F25J3/0271

separation of H₂/CO mixtures, i.e. of synthesis gas production of carbon monoxide containing gas in general C01B32/40, C10J, C10K, production of hydrogen containing gas C01B3/00

F25J3/0276

separation of H₂/N₂ mixtures, i.e. of ammonia synthesis gas in general C01B3/00

F25J3/028

separation of noble gases from air F25J3/04642; in general C01B23/00

F25J3/0285

of argon

F25J3/029

of helium

F25J3/0295

Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used, e.g. sieve plates, packings

F25J3/04

for air

F25J3/04006

Providing pressurised feed air or process streams within or from the air fractionation unit

F25J3/04012

by compression of warm gaseous streams; details of intake or interstage cooling F25J3/04048 takes precedence; operation of compressors F25J3/04781; particular layout of compressors used in air fractionation units F25J3/04866

F25J3/04018

of main feed air

F25J3/04024

of purified feed air, so-called boosted air

F25J3/0403

of nitrogen

F25J3/04036

of oxygen

F25J3/04042

of argon or argon enriched stream

F25J3/04048

by compression of cold gaseous streams, e.g. intermediate or oxygen enriched (waste) streams

F25J3/04054

of air

F25J3/0406

of nitrogen

F25J3/04066

of oxygen

F25J3/04072

of argon or argon enriched stream

F25J3/04078

providing pressurized products by liquid compression and vaporisation with cold recovery, i.e. so-called internal compression operation of pumps F25J3/04781; particular layout of pumps used in air fractionation units F25J3/04866

F25J3/04084

of nitrogen

F25J3/0409

of oxygen

F25J3/04096

of argon or argon enriched stream

F25J3/04103

using solely hydrostatic liquid head

F25J3/04109

Arrangements of compressors and /or their drivers using work extraction by mechanical coupling of compression and cold expansion F25J3/04381

F25J3/04115

characterised by the type of prime driver, e.g. hot gas expander

F25J3/04121

Steam turbine as the prime mechanical driver

F25J3/04127

Gas turbine as the prime mechanical driver

F25J3/04133

Electrical motor as the prime mechanical driver

F25J3/04139

Combination of different types of drivers mechanically coupled to the same compressor, possibly split on multiple compressor casings

F25J3/04145

Mechanically coupling of different compressors of the air fractionation process to the same driver(s)

F25J3/04151

Purification and (pre-)cooling of the feed air; recuperative heat-exchange with product streams

F25J3/04157

Afterstage cooling and so-called "pre-cooling" of the feed air upstream the air purification unit and main heat exchange line F25J3/04618 takes precedence

F25J3/04163

Hot end purification of the feed air arrangements of cold regenerators F25J5/00

F25J3/04169

by adsorption of the impurities adsorption in general B01D53/02

F25J3/04175

at a pressure of substantially more than the highest pressure column

F25J3/04181

Regenerating the adsorbents

F25J3/04187

Cooling of the purified feed air by recuperative heat-exchange; Heat-exchange with product streams arrangements of cold exchangers F25J5/002

F25J3/04193

Division of the main heat exchange line in consecutive sections having different functions

F25J3/042

having an intermediate feed connection

F25J3/04206

including a so-called "auxiliary vaporiser" for vaporising and producing a gaseous product

F25J3/04212

and simultaneously condensing vapor from a column serving as reflux within the or another column

F25J3/04218

Parallel arrangement of the main heat exchange line in cores having different functions, e.g. in low pressure and high pressure cores F25J3/04503 takes precedence

F25J3/04224

Cores associated with a liquefaction or refrigeration cycle

F25J3/0423

Subcooling of liquid process streams

F25J3/04236

Integration of different exchangers in a single core, so-called integrated cores F25J3/04624 takes precedence

F25J3/04242

Cold end purification of the feed air

F25J3/04248

Generation of cold for compensating heat leaks or liquid production, e.g. by Joule-Thompson expansion

F25J3/04254

using the cold stored in external cryogenic fluids closed loop F25J3/04278

F25J3/0426

The cryogenic component does not participate in the fractionation

F25J3/04266

and being liquefied hydrocarbons

F25J3/04272

and comprising means for reducing the risk of pollution of hydrocarbons into the air fractionation

F25J3/04278

using external refrigeration units, e.g. closed mechanical or regenerative refrigeration units

F25J3/04284

using internal refrigeration by open-loop gas work expansion, e.g. of intermediate or oxygen enriched (waste-)streams F25J3/04333 takes precedence

F25J3/0429

of feed air, e.g. used as waste or product air or expanded into an auxiliary column

F25J3/04296

Claude expansion, i.e. expanded into the main or high pressure column

F25J3/04303

Lachmann expansion, i.e. expanded into oxygen producing or low pressure column

F25J3/04309

of nitrogen

F25J3/04315

Lowest pressure or impure nitrogen, so-called waste nitrogen expansion

F25J3/04321

of oxygen

F25J3/04327

of argon or argon enriched stream

F25J3/04333

using quasi-closed loop internal vapor compression refrigeration cycles, e.g. of intermediate or oxygen enriched (waste-)streams

F25J3/04339

of air

F25J3/04345

and comprising a gas work expansion loop

F25J3/04351

of nitrogen

F25J3/04357

and comprising a gas work expansion loop

F25J3/04363

of oxygen

F25J3/04369

of argon or argon enriched stream

F25J3/04375

Details relating to the work expansion, e.g. process parameter etc.

F25J3/04381

using work extraction by mechanical coupling of compression and expansion so-called companders

F25J3/04387

using liquid or hydraulic turbine expansion

F25J3/04393

using multiple or multistage gas work expansion

F25J3/044

using a single pressure main column system only F25J3/0446, F25J3/04624, F25J3/04636 take precedence

F25J3/04406

using a dual pressure main column system F25J3/0446, F25J3/04624, F25J3/04636 and F25J3/04715 take precedence

F25J3/04412

in a classical double column flowsheet, i.e. with thermal coupling by a main reboiler-condenser in the bottom of low pressure respectively top of high pressure column

F25J3/04418

with thermally overlapping high and low pressure columns

F25J3/04424

without thermally coupled high and low pressure columns, i.e. a so-called split columns

F25J3/0443

A main column system not otherwise provided, e.g. a modified double column flowsheet

F25J3/04436

using at least a triple pressure main column system F25J3/0446, F25J3/04624, F25J3/04636 and F25J3/04715 take precedence

F25J3/04442

in a double column flowsheet with a high pressure pre-rectifier

F25J3/04448

in a double column flowsheet with an intermediate pressure column

F25J3/04454

a main column system not otherwise provided, e.g. serially coupling of columns or more than three pressure levels

F25J3/0446

using the heat generated by mixing two different phases

F25J3/04466

for producing oxygen as a mixing column overhead gas by mixing gaseous air feed and liquid oxygen

F25J3/04472

using the cold from cryogenic liquids produced within the air fractionation unit and stored in internal or intermediate storages

F25J3/04478

for controlling purposes, e.g. start-up or back-up procedures F25J3/04496 takes precedence

F25J3/04484

for purity control during steady state operation

F25J3/0449

for rapid load change of the air fractionation unit

F25J3/04496

for compensating variable air feed or variable product demand by alternating between periods of liquid storage and liquid assist

F25J3/04503

by exchanging "cold" between at least two different cryogenic liquids, e.g. independently from the main heat exchange line of the air fractionation and/or by using external alternating storage systems

F25J3/04509

within the cold part of the air fractionation, i.e. exchanging "cold" within the fractionation and/or main heat exchange line

F25J3/04515

Simultaneously changing air feed and products output

F25J3/04521

Coupling of the air fractionation unit to an air gas-consuming unit, so-called integrated processes combined plants, e.g. engine plant combined with an industrial process F01K23/064; gas-turbine plants supplying working fluid to a chemical process F02C6/10

F25J3/04527

Integration with an oxygen consuming unit, e.g. glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based processes in general

F25J3/04533

for the direct combustion of fuels in a power plant, so-called "oxyfuel combustion"

F25J3/04539

for the H₂/CO synthesis by partial oxidation or oxygen consuming reforming processes of fuels

F25J3/04545

for the gasification of solid or heavy liquid fuels, e.g. integrated gasification combined cycle [IGCC]

F25J3/04551

for the metal production

F25J3/04557

for pig iron or steel making, e.g. blast furnace, Corex

F25J3/04563

Integration with a nitrogen consuming unit, e.g. for purging, inerting, cooling or heating

F25J3/04569

for enhanced or tertiary oil recovery

F25J3/04575

for a gas expansion plant, e.g. dilution of the combustion gas in a gas turbine

F25J3/04581

Hot gas expansion of indirect heated nitrogen

F25J3/04587

for the NH₃ synthesis, e.g. for adjusting the H₂/N₂ ratio

F25J3/04593

The air gas consuming unit is also fed by an air stream

F25J3/046

Completely integrated air feed compression, i.e. common MAC

F25J3/04606

Partially integrated air feed compression, i.e. independent MAC for the air fractionation unit plus additional air feed from the air gas consuming unit

F25J3/04612

Heat exchange integration with process streams, e.g. from the air gas consuming unit

F25J3/04618

for cooling an air stream fed to the air fractionation unit

F25J3/04624

using integrated mass and heat exchange, so-called non-adiabatic rectification, e.g. dephlegmator, reflux exchanger

F25J3/0463

Simultaneously between rectifying and stripping sections, i.e. double dephlegmator

F25J3/04636

using a hybrid air separation unit, e.g. combined process by cryogenic separation and non-cryogenic separation techniques F25J3/04733 and F25J3/04757 take precedence

F25J3/04642

Recovering noble gases from air from gas mixtures other than air F25J3/028 or F25J3/0685

F25J3/04648

argon

F25J3/04654

Producing crude argon in a crude argon column

F25J3/0466

as a parallel working rectification column or auxiliary column system in a single pressure main column system

F25J3/04666

as a parallel working rectification column of the low pressure column in a dual pressure main column system

F25J3/04672

having a top condenser

F25J3/04678

cooled by oxygen enriched liquid from high pressure column bottoms

F25J3/04684

and a bottom re-boiler F25J3/04696 takes precedence

F25J3/0469

and an intermediate re-boiler/condenser F25J3/04696 takes precedence

F25J3/04696

a bottom re-boiler and an intermediate re-boiler/condenser

F25J3/04703

being arranged in more than one vessel

F25J3/04709

as an auxiliary column system in at least a dual pressure main column system

F25J3/04715

The auxiliary column system simultaneously produces oxygen

F25J3/04721

Producing pure argon, e.g. recovered from a crude argon column

F25J3/04727

using an auxiliary pure argon column for nitrogen rejection F25J3/04739 takes precedence

F25J3/04733

using a hybrid system, e.g. using adsorption, permeation or catalytic reaction

F25J3/04739

in combination with an auxiliary pure argon column

F25J3/04745

Krypton and/or Xenon

F25J3/04751

Producing pure krypton and/or xenon recovered from a crude krypton/xenon mixture

F25J3/04757

using a hybrid system, e.g. using adsorption, permeation or catalytic reaction

F25J3/04763

Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used

F25J3/04769

Operation, control and regulation of the process; Instrumentation within the process

F25J3/04775

Air purification and pre-cooling

F25J3/04781

Pressure changing devices, e.g. for compression, expansion, liquid pumping

F25J3/04787

Heat exchange, e.g. main heat exchange line; Subcooler, external reboiler-condenser F25J3/04793 and F25J3/0486 take precedence

F25J3/04793

Rectification, e.g. columns; Reboiler-condenser F25J3/0486 takes precedence

F25J3/048

Argon recovery

F25J3/04806

High purity argon purification

F25J3/04812

Different modes, i.e. "runs" of operation F25J3/04472 takes precedence

F25J3/04818

Start-up of the process

F25J3/04824

Stopping of the process, e.g. defrosting or deriming; Back-up procedures

F25J3/0483

Rapid load change of the air fractionation unit

F25J3/04836

Variable air feed, i.e. "load" or product demand during specified periods, e.g. during periods with high respectively low power costs F25J3/0483 takes precedence

F25J3/04842

Intermittent process, so-called batch process

F25J3/04848

Control strategy, e.g. advanced process control or dynamic modeling

F25J3/04854

Safety aspects of operation

F25J3/0486

of vaporisers for oxygen enriched liquids, e.g. purging of liquids

F25J3/04866

Construction and layout of air fractionation equipments, e.g. valves, machines F25J5/00 takes precedence

F25J3/04872

Vertical layout of cold equipments within in the cold box, e.g. columns, heat exchangers etc.

F25J3/04878

Side by side arrangement of multiple vessels in a main column system, wherein the vessels are normally mounted one upon the other or forming different sections of the same column multiple vessels of a crude argon column F25J3/04703

F25J3/04884

Arrangement of reboiler-condensers

F25J3/0489

Modularity and arrangement of parts of the air fractionation unit, in particular of the cold box, e.g. pre-fabrication, assembling and erection, dimensions, horizontal layout "plot" F25J3/04872 takes precedence

F25J3/04896

Details of columns, e.g. internals, inlet/outlet devices

F25J3/04903

Plates or trays

F25J3/04909

Structured packings

F25J3/04915

Combinations of different material exchange elements, e.g. within different columns

F25J3/04921

within the same column

F25J3/04927

Liquid or gas distribution devices

F25J3/04933

Partitioning walls or sheets

F25J3/04939

Vertical, e.g. dividing wall columns details of dephlegmators F25J5/007

F25J3/04945

Details of internal structure; insulation and housing of the cold box

F25J3/04951

Arrangements of multiple air fractionation units or multiple equipments fulfilling the same process step, e.g. multiple trains in a network F25J3/04636 takes precedence

F25J3/04957

and inter-connecting equipments upstream of the fractionation unit (s), i.e. at the "front-end"

F25J3/04963

and inter-connecting equipment within or downstream of the fractionation unit(s) F25J3/04393 takes precedence

F25J3/04969

Retrofitting or revamping of an existing air fractionation unit

F25J3/04975

adapted for special use of the air fractionation unit, e.g. transportable devices by truck or small scale use

F25J3/04981

for portable medical or home use

F25J3/04987

for offshore use

F25J3/04993

for space applications, e.g. for rocket use

F25J3/06

by partial condensation F25J3/08 takes precedence; by rectification F25J3/02

; purification of hydrocarbons in general C07C7/00

F25J3/0605

characterised by the feed stream for air F25J3/04

F25J3/061

Natural gas or substitute natural gas

F25J3/0615

Liquefied natural gas

F25J3/062

Refinery gas, cracking gas, coke oven gas, gaseous mixtures containing aliphatic unsaturated CnHm or gaseous mixtures of undefined nature

F25J3/0625

H₂/CO mixtures, i.e. synthesis gas; Water gas or shifted synthesis gas production of carbon monoxide containing gas in general C01B32/40, C10J, C10K; production of hydrogen containing gas C01B3/00

F25J3/063

characterised by the separated product stream

F25J3/0635

separation of CnHm with 1 carbon atom or more

F25J3/064

separation of CnHm with 2 carbon atoms or more

F25J3/0645

separation of CnHm with 3 carbon atoms or more

F25J3/065

separation of CnHm with 4 carbon atoms or more

F25J3/0655

separation of hydrogen production of hydrogen containing gas in general C01B3/00, e.g. separation of hydrogen or hydrogen containing gases form gaseous mixtures at low temperatures C01B3/506

F25J3/066

separation of nitrogen from air F25J3/04, production of nitrogen in general C01B21/00

F25J3/0665

separation of carbon monoxide production of carbon monoxide containing gas in general C01B32/40, C10J, C10K

F25J3/067

separation of carbon dioxide production of carbon dioxide in general C01B32/00

F25J3/0675

separation of H₂/CO mixtures, i.e. of synthesis gas production of carbon monoxide containing gas in general C01B32/40, C10J, C10K, production of hydrogen containing gas C01B3/00

F25J3/068

separation of H₂/N₂ mixtures, i.e. of ammonia synthesis gas in general C01B3/00

F25J3/0685

separation of noble gases from air F25J3/04642; in general C01B23/00

F25J3/069

of helium

F25J3/0695

Start-up or control of the process; Details of the apparatus used

F25J3/08

Separating gaseous impurities from gases or gaseous mixtures

or from liquefied gases or liquefied gaseous mixtures

cold traps B01D8/00

F25J5/00

Arrangements of cold exchangers or cold accumulators in separation or liquefaction plants heat exchangers F28C, F28D, F28F

F25J5/002

for continuously recuperating cold, i.e. in a so-called recuperative heat exchanger

F25J5/005

in a reboiler-condenser, e.g. within a column

F25J5/007

combined with mass exchange, i.e. in a so-called dephlegmator

F25J2200/00

Processes or apparatus using separation by rectification

F25J2200/02

in a single pressure main column system

F25J2200/04

in a dual pressure main column system

F25J2200/06

in a classical double column flow-sheet, i.e. with thermal coupling by a main reboiler-condenser in the bottom of low pressure respectively top of high pressure column

F25J2200/08

in a triple pressure main column system

F25J2200/10

in a quadruple, or more, column or pressure system

F25J2200/20

in an elevated pressure multiple column system wherein the lowest pressure column is at a pressure well above the minimum pressure needed to overcome pressure drop to reject the products to atmosphere

F25J2200/30

using a side column in a single pressure column system

F25J2200/32

using a side column fed by a stream from the high pressure column

F25J2200/34

using a side column fed by a stream from the low pressure column

F25J2200/38

using pre-separation or distributed distillation before a main column system, e.g. in a at least a double column system

F25J2200/40

Features relating to the provision of boil-up in the bottom of a column

F25J2200/50

using multiple (re-)boiler-condensers at different heights of the column

F25J2200/52

in the high pressure column of a double pressure main column system

F25J2200/54

in the low pressure column of a double pressure main column system

F25J2200/70

Refluxing the column with a condensed part of the feed stream, i.e. fractionator top is stripped or self-rectified

F25J2200/72

Refluxing the column with at least a part of the totally condensed overhead gas

F25J2200/74

Refluxing the column with at least a part of the partially condensed overhead gas

F25J2200/76

Refluxing the column with condensed overhead gas being cycled in a quasi-closed loop refrigeration cycle

F25J2200/78

Refluxing the column with a liquid stream originating from an upstream or downstream fractionator column

F25J2200/80

using integrated mass and heat exchange, i.e. non-adiabatic rectification in a reflux exchanger or dephlegmator

F25J2200/90

Details relating to column internals, e.g. structured packing, gas or liquid distribution

F25J2200/92

Details relating to the feed point

F25J2200/94

Details relating to the withdrawal point

F25J2200/96

Dividing wall column

F25J2205/00

F25J2205/00

Processes or apparatus using other separation and/or other processing means

F25J2205/02

using simple phase separation in a vessel or drum

F25J2205/04

in the feed line, i.e. upstream of the fractionation step

F25J2205/10

using combined expansion and separation, e.g. in a vortex tube, "Ranque tube" or a "cyclonic fluid separator", i.e. combination of an isentropic nozzle and a cyclonic separator

Centrifugal separation

F25J2205/20

using solidification of components

F25J2205/24

using regenerators, cold accumulators or reversible heat exchangers

F25J2205/30

using a washing, e.g. "scrubbing" or bubble column for purification purposes

F25J2205/32

as direct contact cooling tower to produce a cooled gas stream, e.g. direct contact after cooler [DCAC]

F25J2205/34

as evaporative cooling tower to produce chilled water, e.g. evaporative water chiller [EWC]

F25J2205/40

using hybrid system, i.e. combining cryogenic and non-cryogenic separation techniques

F25J2205/50

using absorption, i.e. with selective solvents or lean oil, heavier CnHm and including generally a regeneration step for the solvent or lean oil

F25J2205/60

using adsorption on solid adsorbents, e.g. by temperature-swing adsorption [TSA] at the hot or cold end

F25J2205/62

Purifying more than one feed stream in multiple adsorption vessels, e.g. for two feed streams at different pressures

F25J2205/64

by pressure-swing adsorption [PSA] at the hot end

F25J2205/66

Regenerating the adsorption vessel, e.g. kind of reactivation gas

F25J2205/68

Cooling the adsorption vessel

F25J2205/70

Heating the adsorption vessel

F25J2205/72

Pressurising or depressurising the adsorption vessel

F25J2205/80

using membrane, i.e. including a permeation step

F25J2205/82

using a reactor with combustion or catalytic reaction

F25J2205/84

using filter

F25J2205/86

using electrical phenomena, e.g. Corona discharge, electrolysis or magnetic field

F25J2205/90

Mixing of components

F25J2210/00

Processes characterised by the type or other details of the feed stream

F25J2210/02

Multiple feed streams, e.g. originating from different sources

F25J2210/04

Mixing or blending of fluids with the feed stream

F25J2210/06

Splitting of the feed stream, e.g. for treating or cooling in different ways

F25J2210/12

Refinery or petrochemical off-gas

F25J2210/14

Coke-ovens gas

F25J2210/18

H₂/CO mixtures, i.e. synthesis gas

Water gas, shifted synthesis gas or purge gas from HYCO synthesis

F25J2210/20

H₂/N₂ mixture, i.e. synthesis gas for or purge gas from ammonia synthesis

F25J2210/40

Air or oxygen enriched air, i.e. generally less than 30mol% of O₂

F25J2210/42

Nitrogen

F25J2210/50

Oxygen

F25J2210/58

Argon

F25J2210/60

Natural gas or synthetic natural gas [SNG]

F25J2210/62

Liquefied natural gas [LNG]

Natural gas liquids [NGL]

Liquefied petroleum gas [LPG]

F25J2210/66

Landfill or fermentation off-gas, e.g. "Bio-gas"

F25J2210/70

Flue or combustion exhaust gas

F25J2210/80

Carbon dioxide

F25J2210/90

Boil-off gas from storage

F25J2215/00

Processes characterised by the type or other details of the product stream

F25J2215/02

Mixing or blending of fluids to yield a certain product

F25J2215/04

Recovery of liquid products

F25J2215/10

Hydrogen

F25J2215/14

Carbon monoxide

F25J2215/18

HYCO synthesis gas, e.g. H₂/CO mixture

F25J2215/20

Ammonia synthesis gas, e.g. H₂/N₂ mixture

F25J2215/30

Helium

F25J2215/32

Neon

F25J2215/34

Krypton

F25J2215/36

Xenon

F25J2215/40

Air or oxygen enriched air, i.e. generally less than 30mol% of O₂

F25J2215/42

Nitrogen or special cases, e.g. multiple or low purity N₂

F25J2215/44

Ultra high purity nitrogen, i.e. generally less than 1 ppb impurities

F25J2215/50

Oxygen or special cases, e.g. isotope-mixtures or low purity O₂

F25J2215/52

Oxygen production with multiple purity O₂

F25J2215/54

Oxygen production with multiple pressure O₂

F25J2215/56

Ultra high purity oxygen, i.e. generally more than 99,9% O₂

F25J2215/58

Argon

F25J2215/60

Methane

F25J2215/62

Ethane or ethylene

F25J2215/64

Propane or propylene

F25J2215/66

Butane or mixed butanes

F25J2215/80

Carbon dioxide

F25J2220/00

Processes or apparatus involving steps for the removal of impurities

F25J2220/02

Separating impurities in general from the feed stream

F25J2220/04

Separating impurities in general from the product stream

F25J2220/40

Separating high boiling, i.e. less volatile components from air, e.g. CO₂, hydrocarbons

F25J2220/42

Separating low boiling, i.e. more volatile components from nitrogen, e.g. He, H₂, Ne

F25J2220/44

Separating high boiling, i.e. less volatile components from nitrogen, e.g. CO, Ar, O₂, hydrocarbons

F25J2220/50

Separating low boiling, i.e. more volatile components from oxygen, e.g. N₂, Ar

F25J2220/52

Separating high boiling, i.e. less volatile components from oxygen, e.g. Kr, Xe, Hydrocarbons, Nitrous oxides, O₃

F25J2220/60

Separating impurities from natural gas, e.g. mercury, cyclic hydrocarbons

F25J2220/62

Separating low boiling components, e.g. He, H₂, N₂, Air

F25J2220/64

Separating heavy hydrocarbons, e.g. NGL, LPG, C4+ hydrocarbons or heavy condensates in general

F25J2220/66

Separating acid gases, e.g. CO₂, SO₂, H₂S or RSH

F25J2220/68

Separating water or hydrates

F25J2220/80

Separating impurities from carbon dioxide, e.g. H₂O or water-soluble contaminants

F25J2220/82

Separating low boiling, i.e. more volatile components, e.g. He, H₂, CO, Air gases, CH₄

F25J2220/84

Separating high boiling, i.e. less volatile components, e.g. NOx, SOx, H2S

F25J2220/90

Separating isotopes of a component, e.g. H₂, O₂

F25J2230/00

Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure of gaseous process streams

F25J2230/02

Compressor intake arrangement, e.g. filtering or cooling

F25J2230/04

Compressor cooling arrangement, e.g. inter- or after-stage cooling or condensate removal

F25J2230/06

Adiabatic compressor, i.e. without interstage cooling

F25J2230/08

Cold compressor, i.e. suction of the gas at cryogenic temperature and generally without afterstage-cooler

F25J2230/20

Integrated compressor and process expander

Gear box arrangement

Multiple compressors on a common shaft

F25J2230/22

Compressor driver arrangement, e.g. power supply by motor, gas or steam turbine

F25J2230/24

Multiple compressors or compressor stages in parallel

F25J2230/30

Compression of the feed stream

F25J2230/32

Compression of the product stream

F25J2230/40

the fluid being air

F25J2230/42

the fluid being nitrogen

F25J2230/50

the fluid being oxygen

F25J2230/52

the fluid being oxygen enriched compared to air, e.g. "crude oxygen"

F25J2230/58

the fluid being argon or crude argon

F25J2230/60

the fluid being hydrocarbons or a mixture of hydrocarbons

F25J2230/80

the fluid being carbon dioxide

F25J2235/00

Processes or apparatus involving steps for increasing the pressure or for conveying of liquid process streams

F25J2235/02

using a pump in general or hydrostatic pressure increase

F25J2235/04

using a pressure accumulator

F25J2235/06

Lifting of liquids by gas lift, e.g. "Mammutpumpe"

F25J2235/42

the fluid being nitrogen

F25J2235/50

the fluid being oxygen

F25J2235/52

the fluid being oxygen enriched compared to air ("crude oxygen")

F25J2235/58

the fluid being argon or crude argon

F25J2235/60

the fluid being (a mixture of) hydrocarbons

F25J2235/80

the fluid being carbon dioxide

F25J2240/00

Processes or apparatus involving steps for expanding of process streams

F25J2240/02

Expansion of a process fluid in a work-extracting turbine (i.e. isentropic expansion), e.g. of the feed stream

F25J2240/04

Multiple expansion turbines in parallel

F25J2240/10

the fluid being air

F25J2240/12

the fluid being nitrogen

F25J2240/20

the fluid being oxygen

F25J2240/22

the fluid being oxygen enriched compared to air, e.g. "crude oxygen"

F25J2240/28

the fluid being argon or crude argon

F25J2240/30

Dynamic liquid or hydraulic expansion with extraction of work, e.g. single phase or two-phase turbine

F25J2240/40

Expansion without extracting work, i.e. isenthalpic throttling, e.g. JT valve, regulating valve or venturi, or isentropic nozzle, e.g. Laval

F25J2240/42

the fluid being air

F25J2240/44

the fluid being nitrogen

F25J2240/46

the fluid being oxygen

F25J2240/48

the fluid being oxygen enriched compared to air, e.g. "crude oxygen"

F25J2240/60

Expansion by ejector or injector, e.g. "Gasstrahlpumpe", "venturi mixing", "jet pumps"

F25J2240/70

Steam turbine, e.g. used in a Rankine cycle

F25J2240/80

Hot exhaust gas turbine combustion engine

F25J2240/82

with waste heat recovery, e.g. in a combined cycle, i.e. for generating steam used in a Rankine cycle

F25J2240/90

Hot gas waste turbine of an indirect heated gas for power generation

F25J2245/00

Processes or apparatus involving steps for recycling of process streams

F25J2245/02

Recycle of a stream in general, e.g. a by-pass stream

F25J2245/40

the recycled stream being air

F25J2245/42

the recycled stream being nitrogen

F25J2245/50

the recycled stream being oxygen

F25J2245/58

the recycled stream being argon or crude argon

F25J2245/90

the recycled stream being boil-off gas from storage

F25J2250/00

Details related to the use of reboiler-condensers

F25J2250/02

Bath type boiler-condenser using thermo-siphon effect, e.g. with natural or forced circulation or pool boiling, i.e. core-in-kettle heat exchanger

F25J2250/04

Down-flowing type boiler-condenser, i.e. with evaporation of a falling liquid film

F25J2250/10

Boiler-condenser with superposed stages

F25J2250/20

Boiler-condenser with multiple exchanger cores in parallel or with multiple re-boiling or condensing streams

F25J2250/30

External or auxiliary boiler-condenser in general, e.g. without a specified fluid or one fluid is not a primary air component or an intermediate fluid

F25J2250/40

One fluid being air

F25J2250/42

One fluid being nitrogen

F25J2250/50

One fluid being oxygen

F25J2250/52

One fluid being oxygen enriched compared to air, e.g. "crude oxygen"

F25J2250/58

One fluid being argon or crude argon

F25J2260/00

Coupling of processes or apparatus to other units

Integrated schemes

F25J2260/02

Integration in an installation for exchanging heat, e.g. for waste heat recovery

F25J2260/10

Integration in a gas transmission system at a pressure reduction, e.g. "let down" station

F25J2260/20

Integration in an installation for liquefying or solidifying a fluid stream

F25J2260/30

Integration in an installation using renewable energy

F25J2260/42

Integration in an installation using nitrogen, e.g. as utility gas, for inerting or purging purposes in IGCC, POX, GTL, PSA, float glass forming, incineration processes, for heat recovery or for enhanced oil recovery

F25J2260/44

using nitrogen for cooling purposes

F25J2260/50

Integration in an installation using oxygen, e.g. in the burner of a glass facility, waste incineration or oxygen based process [OBP] in general

F25J2260/58

Integration in an installation using argon

F25J2260/60

Integration in an installation using hydrocarbons, e.g. for fuel purposes

F25J2260/80

Integration in an installation using carbon dioxide, e.g. for EOR, sequestration, refrigeration etc.

F25J2270/00

Refrigeration techniques used

F25J2270/02

Internal refrigeration with liquid vaporising loop

F25J2270/04

Internal refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop

F25J2270/06

with multiple gas expansion loops

F25J2270/08

Internal refrigeration by flash gas recovery loop

F25J2270/12

External refrigeration with liquid vaporising loop

F25J2270/14

External refrigeration with work-producing gas expansion loop

F25J2270/16

with mutliple gas expansion loops of the same refrigerant

F25J2270/18

External refrigeration with incorporated cascade loop

F25J2270/20

Quasi-closed internal or closed external hydrogen refrigeration cycle

F25J2270/24

Quasi-closed internal or closed external carbon monoxide refrigeration cycle

F25J2270/30

Quasi-closed internal or closed external helium refrigeration cycle

F25J2270/40

Quasi-closed internal or closed external air refrigeration cycle

F25J2270/42

Quasi-closed internal or closed external nitrogen refrigeration cycle

F25J2270/50

Quasi-closed internal or closed external oxygen refrigeration cycle

F25J2270/58

Quasi-closed internal or closed external argon refrigeration cycle

F25J2270/60

Closed external refrigeration cycle with single component refrigerant [SCR], e.g. C1-, C2- or C3-hydrocarbons

F25J2270/66

Closed external refrigeration cycle with multi component refrigerant [MCR], e.g. mixture of hydrocarbons

F25J2270/80

Quasi-closed internal or closed external carbon dioxide refrigeration cycle

F25J2270/88

Quasi-closed internal refrigeration or heat pump cycle, if not otherwise provided

F25J2270/90

External refrigeration, e.g. conventional closed-loop mechanical refrigeration unit using Freon or NH₃, unspecified external refrigeration

F25J2270/902

Details about the refrigeration cycle used, e.g. composition of refrigerant, arrangement of compressors or cascade, make up sources, use of reflux exchangers etc.

F25J2270/904

by liquid or gaseous cryogen in an open loop

F25J2270/906

by heat driven absorption chillers

F25J2270/908

by regenerative chillers, i.e. oscillating or dynamic systems, e.g. Stirling refrigerator, thermoelectric ("Peltier") or magnetic refrigeration

F25J2270/91

using pulse tube refrigeration

F25J2270/912

Liquefaction cycle of a low-boiling (feed) gas in a cryocooler, i.e. in a closed-loop refrigerator

F25J2280/00

Control of the process or apparatus

F25J2280/02

Control in general, load changes, different modes ("runs"), measurements

F25J2280/10

Control for or during start-up and cooling down of the installation

F25J2280/20

Control for stopping, deriming or defrosting after an emergency shut-down of the installation or for back up system

F25J2280/30

Control of a discontinuous or intermittent ("batch") process

F25J2280/40

Control of freezing of components

F25J2280/50

Advanced process control, e.g. adaptive or multivariable control

F25J2290/00

Other details not covered by groups F25J2200/00 - F25J2280/00

F25J2290/02

Comparison of processes or apparatuses

F25J2290/10

Mathematical formulae, modeling, plot or curves

Design methods

F25J2290/12

Particular process parameters like pressure, temperature, ratios

F25J2290/20

Particular dimensions

Small scale or microdevices

F25J2290/30

Details about heat insulation or cold insulation

F25J2290/32

Details on header or distribution passages of heat exchangers, e.g. of reboiler-condenser or plate heat exchangers

F25J2290/34

Details about subcooling of liquids

F25J2290/40

Vertical layout or arrangement of cold equipments within in the cold box, e.g. columns, condensers, heat exchangers etc.

F25J2290/42

Modularity, pre-fabrication of modules, assembling and erection, horizontal layout, i.e. plot plan, and vertical arrangement of parts of the cryogenic unit, e.g. of the cold box

F25J2290/44

Particular materials used, e.g. copper, steel or alloys thereof or surface treatments used, e.g. enhanced surface

F25J2290/50

Arrangement of multiple equipments fulfilling the same process step in parallel

F25J2290/60

Details about pipelines, i.e. network, for feed or product distribution

F25J2290/62

Details of storing a fluid in a tank

F25J2290/70

Processing device is mobile or transportable, e.g. by hand, car, ship, rocket engine etc.

F25J2290/72

Processing device is used off-shore, e.g. on a platform or floating on a ship or barge

F25J2290/80

Retrofitting, revamping or debottlenecking of existing plant

F25J2290/90

Details about safety operation of the installation