F24SSOLAR HEAT COLLECTORSSOLAR HEAT SYSTEMS for producing mechanical power from solar energy F03G6/00 In this subclass, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated:
"solar heat collector modules", often referred to simply as "modules", covers;
a. whole solar heat collectors b. elements of solar heat collectors, e.g. reflectors, lenses or heat storage elements.
"absorbing elements" covers elements for absorbing solar-rays and converting it into heat.
"solar heat systems" covers systems having solar heat collectors as their components and using the collected heat F24S10/00 F24S10/00Solar heat collectors using working fluids F24S10/10the working fluids forming pools or ponds F24S10/13Salt-gradient ponds F24S10/17using covers or floating solar absorbing elements F24S10/20having circuits for two or more working fluids with means for exchanging heat between two or more fluids F24S10/30 F24S10/25having two or more passages for the same working fluid layered in direction of solar-rays, e.g. having upper circulation channels connected with lower circulation channels F24S10/30with means for exchanging heat between two or more working fluids F24S10/40in absorbing elements surrounded by transparent enclosures, e.g. evacuated solar collectors F24S10/45the enclosure being cylindrical F24S10/50the working fluids being conveyed between plates F24S10/501having conduits of plastic material F24S10/502having conduits formed by paired plates and internal partition means F24S10/503having conduits formed by paired plates, only one of which is plane F24S10/504having conduits formed by paired non-plane plates F24S10/505having curved plate-like conduits, e.g. semi-spherical F24S10/506having conduits formed by inflation of portions of a pair of joined sheets F24S10/55with enlarged surfaces, e.g. with protrusions or corrugations collectors comprising porous materials or permeable masses directly contacting the working fluids F24S10/80 F24S10/60the working fluids trickling freely over absorbing elements F24S10/70the working fluids being conveyed through tubular absorbing conduits F24S2010/71the conduits having a non-circular cross-section F24S10/72the tubular conduits being integrated in a block; the tubular conduits touching each other F24S10/73the tubular conduits being of plastic material F24S10/74the tubular conduits are not fixed to heat absorbing plates and are not touching each other F24S10/742the conduits being parallel to each other F24S10/744the conduits being helically coiled F24S10/746the conduits being spirally coiled F24S10/748the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. zig-zag F24S10/75with enlarged surfaces, e.g. with protrusions or corrugations collectors comprising porous material or permeable masses directly contacting the working fluids F24S10/80 F24S2010/751Special fins F24S2010/752extending obliquely F24S10/753the conduits being parallel to each other F24S10/754the conduits being spirally coiled F24S10/755the conduits being otherwise bent, e.g. zig-zag F24S10/80comprising porous material or permeable masses directly contacting the working fluids for conveying liquefied working fluid from evaporator sections to condenser sections with capillary force F24S10/95 F24S10/90using internal thermosiphonic circulation F24S10/95having evaporator sections and condenser sections, e.g. heat pipes F24S20/00Solar heat collectors specially adapted for particular uses or environments F24S20/02for swimming pools F24S20/04for showers F24S2020/10Solar modules layout; Modular arrangements F24S2020/11in the form of multiple rows and multiple columns, all solar modules being coplanar F24S2020/12Coplanar arrangements with frame overlapping portions F24S2020/13Overlaying arrangements similar to roof tiles F24S2020/14Stepped arrangements, e.g. in parallel planes, without module overlapping F24S2020/15Non-parallel arrangements F24S2020/16Preventing shading effects F24S2020/17Arrangements of solar thermal modules combined with solar PV modules F24S2020/18having a particular shape, e.g. prismatic, pyramidal F24S2020/183in the form of louvers F24S2020/186allowing change of position for optimization of heat collection F24S20/20Solar heat collectors for receiving concentrated solar energy, e.g. receivers for solar power plants F24S2020/23movable or adjustable F24S20/25using direct solar radiation in combination with concentrated radiation F24S20/30Solar heat collectors for heating objects, e.g. solar cookers or solar furnaces F24S20/40Solar heat collectors combined with other heat sources, e.g. using electrical heating or heat from ambient air F24S20/50Rollable or foldable solar heat collector modules F24S20/55made of flexible materials F24S20/60Solar heat collectors integrated in fixed constructions, e.g. in buildings F24S20/61Passive solar heat collectors, e.g. operated without external energy source F24S20/62in the form of fences, balustrades or handrails F24S20/63in the form of windows F24S20/64in the form of floor constructions, grounds or roads F24S20/66in the form of facade constructions, e.g. wall constructions in the form of shingles or tiles F24S20/69 F24S20/67in the form of roof constructions in the form of shingles or tiles F24S20/69 F24S20/69in the form of shingles or tiles F24S20/70Waterborne solar heat collector modules for working fluids forming pools or ponds F24S10/10 F24S20/80Airborne solar heat collector modules, e.g. inflatable structures F24S21/00Solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S20/00 F24S23/00Arrangements for concentrating solar-rays for solar heat collectors F24S23/10Prisms F24S23/11Fluorescent material F24S23/12Light guides F24S23/30with lenses F24S23/31having discontinuous faces, e.g. Fresnel lenses F24S23/70with reflectors F24S23/71with parabolic reflective surfaces with cylindro-parabolic reflective surfaces F24S23/74 F24S23/715flexible F24S23/72with hemispherical reflective surfaces F24S23/74with trough-shaped or cylindro-parabolic reflective surfaces F24S23/745flexible F24S23/75with conical reflective surfaces F24S23/77with flat reflective plates F24S23/79with spaced and opposed interacting reflective surfaces F24S23/80having discontinuous faces F24S23/81flexible F24S23/715, F24S23/745 take precedence F24S23/82characterised by the material or the construction of the reflector F24S2023/83Other shapes F24S2023/831corrugated F24S2023/832curved F24S2023/833dish-shaped F24S2023/834trough-shaped F24S2023/835asymmetric F24S2023/836spiral F24S2023/837hyperbolic F24S2023/838involutes F24S2023/84Reflective elements inside solar collector casings F24S2023/85Micro-reflectors F24S2023/86in the form of reflective coatings F24S2023/87Reflectors layout F24S2023/872Assemblies of spaced reflective elements on common support, e.g. Fresnel reflectors F24S2023/874Reflectors formed by assemblies of adjacent similar reflective facets F24S2023/876Reflectors formed by assemblies of adjacent reflective elements having different orientation or different features F24S2023/878Assemblies of spaced reflective elements in the form of grids, e.g. vertical or inclined reflective elements extending over heat absorbing elements F24S2023/88Multi reflective traps F24S25/00Arrangement of stationary mountings or supports for solar heat collector modules Arrangements also intended for use with photovoltaic modules should further be classified in the relevant groups of subclass H02S. F24S2025/01Special support components; Methods of use F24S2025/011Arrangements for mounting elements inside solar collectors; Spacers inside solar collectors F24S2025/012Foldable support elements F24S2025/013Stackable support elements F24S2025/014Methods for installing support elements F24S2025/015Supports with play between elements F24S2025/016Filling or spacing means; Elastic means F24S2025/017Tensioning means F24S2025/018Means for preventing movements, e.g. stops F24S2025/019Means for accommodating irregularities on mounting surface; Tolerance compensation means F24S2025/02Ballasting means F24S2025/021Sealing means between support elements and mounting surface F24S2025/022Sealing means between support elements, e.g. overlapping arrangements; Gap closing arrangements F24S2025/023Means for preventing theft; Locking means F24S25/10extending in directions away from a supporting surface F24S25/11using shaped bodies, e.g. concrete elements, foamed elements or moulded box-like elements F24S25/12using posts in combination with upper profiles F24S25/13Profile arrangements, e.g. trusses F24S25/12 takes precedence F24S25/15using bent platesusing assemblies of plates F24S25/16Arrangement of interconnected standing structuresStanding structures having separate supporting portions for adjacent modules F24S25/20Peripheral frames for modules F24S25/30using elongate rigid mounting elements extending substantially along the supporting surface, e.g. for covering buildings with solar heat collectors extending in directions away from the supporting surface F24S25/10; peripheral frames for modules F24S25/20 F24S25/33forming substantially planar assemblies, e.g. of coplanar or stacked profiles F24S25/35by means of profiles with a cross-section defining separate supporting portions for adjacent modules F24S25/37forming coplanar grids comprising longitudinal and transversal profiles F24S25/40using plate-like mounting elements, e.g. profiled or corrugated platesPlate-like module frames  extending in directions away from a supporting surface F24S25/10 F24S25/50comprising elongate non-rigid elements, e.g. straps, wires or ropes F24S25/60Fixation means, e.g. fasteners, specially adapted for supporting solar heat collector modules F24S2025/6001by using hook and loop-type fasteners F24S2025/6002by using hooks F24S2025/6003by clamping F24S2025/6004by clipping, e.g. by using snap connectors F24S2025/6005by screwed connection F24S2025/6006by using threaded elements, e.g. stud bolts F24S2025/6007by using form-fitting connection means, e.g. tongue and groove F24S2025/6008by using toothed elements F24S2025/6009by deforming the material, e.g. by crimping or clinching F24S2025/601by bonding, e.g. by using adhesives F24S2025/6011by welding or brazing F24S2025/6012Joining different materials F24S2025/6013Joining glass with non-glass elements F24S25/61for fixing to the ground or to building structures F24S25/613in the form of bent strips or assemblies of stripsHook-like connectorsConnectors to be mounted between building-covering elements F24S25/615for fixing to protruding parts of buildings, e.g. to corrugations or to standing seams F24S25/617Elements driven into the ground, e.g. anchor-pilesFoundations for supporting elementsConnectors for connecting supporting structures to the ground or to flat horizontal surfaces F24S25/63for fixing modules or their peripheral frames to supporting elements F24S25/632Side connectorsBase connectors F24S25/634ClampsClips F24S25/636clamping by screw-threaded elements F24S25/65for coupling adjacent supporting elements, e.g. for connecting profiles together F24S25/67for coupling adjacent modules or their peripheral frames for fixing modules or their peripheral frames to supporting elements F24S25/63 F24S25/70with means for adjusting the final position or orientation of supporting elements in relation to each other or to a mounting surfacewith means for compensating mounting tolerances F24S2025/80Special profiles F24S2025/801having hollow parts with closed cross-section F24S2025/802having circular or oval cross-section F24S2025/803having a central web, e.g. I-shaped, inverted T- shaped F24S2025/804U-, C- or O-shaped; Hat profiles F24S2025/805in the form of corrugated profiles F24S2025/806having curved portions F24S2025/807having undercut grooves F24S30/00Arrangements for moving or orienting solar heat collector modules Arrangements also intended for use with photovoltaic modules should further be classified in the relevant groups of subclass H02S. F24S2030/10Special components F24S2030/11Driving means F24S2030/115Linear actuators, e.g. pneumatic cylinders F24S2030/12Coupling means F24S2030/13Transmissions F24S2030/131in the form of articulated bars F24S2030/132in the form of compasses, scissors or parallelograms F24S2030/133in the form of flexible elements, e.g. belts, chains, ropes F24S2030/134in the form of gearings or rack-and-pinion transmissions F24S2030/135in the form of threaded elements F24S2030/136for moving several solar collectors by common transmission elements F24S2030/137for deriving one movement from another one, e.g. for deriving elevation movement from azimuth movement F24S2030/14Movement guiding means F24S2030/145Tracks F24S2030/15Bearings F24S2030/16Hinged elements; Pin connections F24S2030/17Spherical joints F24S2030/18Load balancing means, e.g. use of counter-weights F24S2030/19Movement dampening means; Braking means F24S30/20for linear movement F24S30/40for rotary movement F24S30/42with only one rotation axis F24S30/422Vertical axis F24S30/425Horizontal axis F24S30/428with inclined axis F24S30/45with two rotation axes F24S30/452Vertical primary axis F24S30/455Horizontal primary axis F24S30/458with inclined primary axis F24S30/48with three or more rotation axes or with multiple degrees of freedom F24S40/00Safety or protection arrangements of solar heat collectorsPreventing malfunction of solar heat collectors control arrangements F24S50/00 F24S40/10Protective covers or shroudsClosure members, e.g. lids transparent coverings F24S80/50 F24S40/20CleaningRemoving snow F24S40/40Preventing corrosionProtecting against dirt or contamination F24S40/42Preventing condensation inside solar modules by venting F24S40/53 F24S40/44Draining rainwater or condensation F24S40/46Maintaining vacuum, e.g. by using getters F24S40/48Deaerating or degassing the working fluid F24S40/50Preventing overheating or overpressure by draining the working fluid F24S40/60 F24S40/52by modifying the heat collection, e.g. by defocusing or by changing the position of heat-receiving elements F24S40/53by venting solar heat collector enclosures F24S40/55Arrangements for cooling, e.g. by using external heat dissipating means or internal cooling circuits by venting F24S40/53 F24S40/57Preventing overpressure in solar collector enclosures by venting F24S40/53 F24S40/58Preventing overpressure in working fluid circuits F24S40/60Arrangements for draining the working fluid F24S40/70Preventing freezing arrangements for draining the working fluid F24S40/60 F24S40/80Accommodating differential expansion of solar collector elements F24S40/85Arrangements for protecting solar collectors against adverse weather conditions F24S40/10 takes precedence F24S40/90Arrangements for testing solar heat collectors F24S50/00Arrangements for controlling solar heat collectors F24S50/20for tracking F24S2050/25Calibration means; Methods for initial positioning of solar concentrators or solar receivers F24S50/40responsive to temperature F24S50/60responsive to wind F24S50/80for controlling collection or absorption of solar radiation F24S60/00Arrangements for storing heat collected by solar heat collectors working fluids forming pools or ponds F24S10/10 F24S60/10using latent heat F24S60/20using chemical reactions, e.g. thermochemical reactions or isomerisation reactions F24S60/30storing heat in liquids F24S70/00Details of absorbing elements F24S70/10characterised by the absorbing material absorbing coatings or surface treatment for increasing absorption F24S70/20 F24S70/12made of metallic material F24S70/14made of plastics F24S70/16made of ceramicmade of concretemade of natural stone F24S70/20characterised by absorbing coatingscharacterised by surface treatment for increasing absorption F24S70/225for spectrally selective absorption F24S70/25Coatings made of metallic material F24S70/275Coatings made of plastics F24S70/30Auxiliary coatings, e.g. anti-reflective coatings F24S70/60characterised by the structure or construction absorbing coatings or surface treatment for increasing absorption F24S70/20; auxiliary coatings F24S70/30 F24S2070/62Heat traps F24S70/65Combinations of two or more absorbing elements F24S80/00Details, accessories or component parts of solar heat collectors not provided for in groups F24S10/00-F24S70/00 F24S2080/01Selection of particular materials F24S2080/011Ceramics F24S2080/012Concrete F24S2080/013Foams F24S2080/014Carbone, e.g. graphite F24S2080/015Plastics F24S2080/016Textiles; Fabrics F24S2080/017Natural materials, e.g. wood F24S2080/018Recycled materials F24S2080/03Arrangements for heat transfer optimization F24S2080/05Flow guiding means; Inserts inside conduits F24S2080/07Arrangements for one-way heat transfer, e.g. thermal diodes F24S2080/09Arrangements for reinforcement of solar collector elements F24S80/10Materials for heat-exchange conduits F24S80/20Working fluids specially adapted for solar heat collectors F24S80/30Arrangements for connecting the fluid circuits of solar collectors with each other or with other components, e.g. pipe connectionsFluid distributing means, e.g. headers F24S80/40Casings F24S80/45characterised by the material F24S80/453made of metallic material F24S80/457made of plastics F24S80/50Elements for transmitting incoming solar rays and preventing outgoing heat radiationTransparent coverings F24S2080/501Special shape F24S2080/502in the form of multiple covering elements F24S2080/503in the form of curved covering elements F24S80/52characterised by the material for preventing heat loss F24S80/56 F24S80/525made of plastics F24S80/54using evacuated elements F24S80/56characterised by means for preventing heat loss F24S80/58characterised by their mountings or fixing means F24S80/60Thermal insulation transparent coverings F24S80/50 F24S80/65characterised by the material F24S80/70Sealing means F24S90/00Solar heat systems not otherwise provided for F24S90/10using thermosiphonic circulation F24S2201/00PredictionSimulation