B31FMECHANICAL WORKING OR DEFORMATION OF PAPER, CARDBOARD OR MATERIAL WORKED IN A MANNER ANALOGOUS TO PAPER making layered products not composed wholly of paper or cardboard B32B B31F1/00 B31F1/00Mechanical deformation without removing material, e.g. in combination with laminating B31F1/0003Shaping by bending, folding, twisting, straightening, flattening or rim-rolling; Shaping by bending, folding or rim-rolling combined with joining; Apparatus therefor shaping of tube ends B31F1/008 B31F1/0006Bending or folding; Folding edges combined with joining; Reinforcing edges during the folding thereof; creasing B31F1/08, crêping paper B31F1/12, corrugating B31F1/20; bending and joining B31F1/0045; reinforcing edges per se B31F5/08; making wound articles B31C, folding thin material per se B65H45/00 B31F1/0009of plates, sheets or webs B31F1/0012combined with making folding lines B31F1/0022 takes precedence B31F1/0016Folding edges; Folding edges combined with joining; Reinforcing edges during the folding thereof, e.g. by introducing a thread; Folding the edges of a sheathing B31F1/0029 takes precedence B31F1/0019the plates, sheets or webs moving continuously B31F5/08 takes precedence B31F1/0022combined with making folding lines B31F1/0025Making the folding lines using rotary tools B31F1/0029Folding edges; Folding edges combined with joining; Reinforcing edges during the folding thereof, e.g. by introducing a thread; Folding the edges of a sheathing B31F1/0032of tubes B31F1/0035Straightening or flattening B31F1/0038Rim-rolling B31F1/0041combined with joining B31F1/0045Bending or folding combined with joining folding edges combined with joining B31F1/0016, B31F1/0029 B31F1/0048Bending plates, sheets or webs at right angles to the axis of the article being formed and joining the edges B31F1/0051for making articles of definite lentgh B31F1/0054using internal forming surfaces, e.g. mandrels B31F1/0058Machines therefor having additional mandrels, e.g. mounted on a turntable, or on chains B31F1/0064 takes precedence B31F1/0061for making articles of indefinite length B31F1/0064using internal forming surfaces, on, e.g. mandrels B31F1/0067using only external forming surfaces, e.g. sleeves B31F1/007for making articles with multilayered walls B31F1/0074Making essentially non-hollow profiles, e.g. rods, ropes, cords B31F1/0077Shaping by methods analogous to moulding, e.g. deep drawing techniques B31F1/008Shaping of tube ends, e.g. flanging, belling, closing, rim-rolling or corrugating; Fixing elements to tube ends B31F1/0083Closing B31F1/0087Rim-rolling B31F1/009combined with joining, e.g. for fixing a closure element B31F1/0093Fixing elements to tube ends B31F1/0096Lining or sheathing folding the edge of the sheathing B31F1/0016, B31F1/0029 B31F1/07Embossing , i.e. producing impressions formed by locally deep-drawing, e.g. using rolls provided with complementary profilesB31F1/128 takes precedence; corrugating B31F1/20; embossing in combination with printing B41F19/02, B41M1/24; typewriters for embossing B41J3/38; stamping in combination with deforming B41K3/36 B31F1/08Creasing corrugating B31F1/20; zig-zag folding B65H45/20 ; combined with folding B31F1/0012, B31F1/0022; grooving by cutting B26D3/06, B26D3/08; by milling grooves B23C3/30; of plastics material B29C53/06 B31F1/10by rotary tools B31F1/12Crêping B31F1/122the paper being submitted to an additional mechanical deformation other than crêping, e.g. for making it elastic in all directions B31F1/124Multiple crêping, e.g. forming crêpes under different angles B31F1/126including making of the paper to be crêped B31F1/128Making paper elastic in all directions, other than by crêping B31F1/122 takes precedence B31F1/14by doctor blades arranged crosswise to the web B31F1/145Blade constructions B31F1/16by elastic belts B31F1/18 takes precedence B31F1/18by tools arranged in the direction of web feed ; Longitudinal crêping, i.e. providing paper with crêpes parallel to the direction of web movement, e.g. for making paper elastic transversely to this direction B31F1/20CorrugatingCorrugating combined with laminating to other layers B31F1/205Corrugating tubes corrugating tube ends B31F1/008; making tubes, not otherwise provided for, B31F7/004; corrugating metal tubes B21D15/00 B31F1/22Making webs in which the channel of each corrugation is longitudinal with the web feed B31F1/225combined with uniting the corrugated web to flat webs; Making corrugated-web structures B31F1/24Making webs in which the channel of each corrugation is transverse to the web feed B31F1/242the corrugations being obliquely inclined to the web feed B31F1/247, B31F1/30 take precedence B31F1/245by feeding the webs in a channel larger than the thickness of the webs by means of rollers, e.g. involving prefolding B31F1/247by reciprocating members B31F1/26by interengaging toothed cylinders cylinder constructions B31F1/242 takes precedence B31F1/28combined with uniting the corrugated webs to flat webs ; Making double-faced corrugated cardboard B31F1/2804Methods B31F1/2809characterised by the chemical composition of the glue B31F1/2813Making corrugated cardboard of composite structure, e.g. comprising two or more corrugated layers B31F1/2818Glue application specially adapted therefor B31F1/2822involving additional operations B31F1/2827Edge treatment B31F1/2831Control B31F1/2836Guiding, e.g. edge alignment; Tensioning B31F1/284Warp prevention B31F1/2845Details, e.g. provisions for drying, moistening, pressing B31F1/285Heating or drying equipment B31F1/2854Means for keeping the sheet in contact with one of the corrugating rollers after corrugating, but before applying the facer sheet, e.g. by air pressure, suction or pressing fingers B31F1/2859Pressing fingers B31F1/2863Corrugating cylinders; Supporting or positioning means therefor; Drives therefor B31F1/2868Exchangeable corrugating cylinders means for changing cutting members in shearing devices B23D35/008 B31F1/2872Spraying devices, e.g. for moistening purposes; Lubricating devices B31F1/2877Pressing means for bringing facer sheet and corrugated webs into contact or keeping them in contact, e.g. rolls, belts B31F1/2881for bringing a second facer sheet into contact with an already single faced corrugated web B31F1/2886Additionally reinforcing, e.g. by applying resin or wire B31F1/289from discrete sheets B31F1/2895from corrugated webs having corrugations of particular shape B31F1/29by making use of rods, e.g. co-operating with a toothed cylinder combined with uniting the corrugated web to flat webs B31F1/30 takes precedence B31F1/30Tools secured to endless chains , e.g. toothed belts; combined with uniting the corrugated web to flat webs B31F1/305with sets of interengaging tools each secured to endless chains B31F1/32Corrugating already corrugated webs B31F1/36Moistening and heating webs to facilitate mechanical deformation and drying deformed webs during corrugating B31F1/28 B31F5/00Attaching together sheets, strips or websReinforcing edges B31F5/001by stapling or riveting B31F5/003by stitching B31F5/005by folding rim-rolling B31F1/0041 B31F5/006using a strip, e.g. profiled B31F5/06 takes precedence B31F5/008by friction, e.g. obtained ultrasonic vibrations B31F5/02by crimping or slotting or perforating B31F5/022using a rotary tool B31F5/025by slotting B31F5/027by perforating, e.g. by folding over the partially cut part B31F5/04by exclusive use of adhesives B31F5/06by adhesive tape B31F5/08for reinforcing edges ; Applying a strip or tape to an edge, e.g. for decorating, for protecting B31F5/085combined with folding the strip around the edge, or applying an already folded strip on folding edges B31F1/0016, B31F1/0029 B31F7/00Processes not otherwise provided for B31F7/002tubular articles, e.g. changing the cross-section B31F7/004Making tubes B31F7/006edges, e.g. sheet edges B31F7/008Repairing B31F7/02Breaking coatings, e.g. on paper or cardboard B31F2201/00 B31F2201/00Mechanical deformation of paper or cardboard without removing material B31F2201/07Embossing B31F2201/0702by tools working discontinuously B31F2201/0705Hand operated B31F2201/0707by tools working continuously B31F2201/0715The tools being rollers B31F2201/0717Methods and means for forming the embossments B31F2201/072Laser engraving B31F2201/0723Characteristics of the rollers B31F2201/0725Hardness B31F2201/0728Material B31F2201/073Rollers having a multilayered structure B31F2201/0733Pattern B31F2201/0735Pattern inclined with respect to the axis of the roller B31F2201/0738Cross sectional profile of the embossments B31F2201/0741Roller cooperating with a non-even counter roller B31F2201/0743having a matching profile B31F2201/0746and having a self-centering profile B31F2201/0748having a dissimilar profile B31F2201/0751and having a self-centering profile B31F2201/0753Roller supporting, positioning, driving means B31F2201/0754The tools being other than rollers, e.g. belts or plates B31F2201/0756Characteristics of the incoming material, e.g. creped, embossed, corrugated B31F2201/0758Characteristics of the embossed product B31F2201/0761Multi-layered B31F2201/0764the layers being nested B31F2201/0766the layers being superposed tip to tip B31F2201/0769the layers being shifted B31F2201/0771Other aspects of the embossing operations B31F2201/0774Multiple successive embossing operations B31F2201/0776Exchanging embossing tools B31F2201/0779Control B31F2201/0782Layout of the complete embossing machine, of the embossing line B31F2201/0784Auxiliary operations B31F2201/0787Applying adhesive B31F2201/0789Joining plies without adhesive B31F2201/0792Printing B31F2201/0794Cutting B31F2201/0797Perforating