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46 lines
41 KiB
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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<class-scheme publication-date="2023-02-01" scheme-type="cpc" publication-type="official">
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<classification-item breakdown-code="false" not-allocatable="true" level="2" additional-only="false" link-file="cpc-scheme-A.xml" sort-key="A" date-revised="2013-01-01" status="published"><classification-symbol>A</classification-symbol><class-title date-revised="2013-01-01"><title-part><text>HUMAN NECESSITIES</text></title-part></class-title></classification-item>
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<classification-item breakdown-code="false" not-allocatable="true" level="2" additional-only="false" link-file="cpc-scheme-B.xml" sort-key="B" date-revised="2016-05-01" status="published"><classification-symbol>B</classification-symbol><class-title date-revised="2013-01-01"><title-part><text>PERFORMING OPERATIONS</text></title-part><title-part><text>TRANSPORTING</text></title-part></class-title><notes-and-warnings date-revised="2013-01-01"><note type="note"><note-paragraph>The following notes are meant to assist in the use of <CPC-specific-note>classes <class-ref scheme="cpc">B01</class-ref> - <class-ref scheme="cpc">B09</class-ref></CPC-specific-note>; they must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations.<subnote type="number"><note-paragraph>In this sub-section, the separation of different materials, e.g. of different matter, size, or state, is predominantly found in the following subclasses: <subnote><note-paragraph><class-ref scheme="cpc">B01D</class-ref><br/><class-ref scheme="cpc">B03B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">B03C</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">B03D</class-ref><br/><class-ref scheme="cpc">B04B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">B04C</class-ref><br/><class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">B07C</class-ref></note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph>The classifying characteristics of these subclasses are: <subnote type="bullet"><note-paragraph>the physical state of the matter to be separated </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>the principle of the process used </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>particular kinds of apparatus </note-paragraph></subnote>The first of these characteristics involves six different aspects, assembled in three groups.<subnote type="alpha"><note-paragraph>liquid/liquid or liquid/gas and gas/gas </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>solid/liquid or solid/gas </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>solid/solid</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph>Theses subclasses are to be used according to the following general rules: <subnote type="bullet"><note-paragraph><class-ref scheme="cpc">B01D</class-ref> is the most general class as far as separation other than solids from solids is concerned. </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>Apparatus for separating solids from solids are covered by <class-ref scheme="cpc">B03B</class-ref> when the process concerned is regarded as the equivalent of "washing" in the sense of the mining art, even if such apparatus is a pneumatic one, especially pneumatic tables or jigs. Screens <u>PER SE</u> are not covered by this subclass but are classified in <class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>, even if they are being used in a wet process. All other apparatus for the separation of solids from solids according to dry methods are classified in <class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>. </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>If the separation takes place as a result of the detection or measurement of some feature of the material or articles to be sorted it is classified in <class-ref scheme="cpc">B07C</class-ref>. </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>It should also be noted that the separation of isotopes of the same chemical element is covered by <class-ref scheme="cpc">B01D59/00</class-ref>, whatever process or apparatus is employed.</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph>The following scheme illustrates the classification according to these rules. <subnote type="alpha"><note-paragraph><pre>LIQUID/LIQUID <br/> LIQUID/GAS <br/> GAS/GAS <br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/> Subclasses dealing with <br/> Operations Method Apparatus <br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/> General <class-ref scheme="cpc">B01D</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B01D</class-ref>
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<br/> by centrifugal force, using centrifuges <br/> or free-vortex apparatus <class-ref scheme="cpc">B01D</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B04B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">B04C</class-ref>
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<br/> using magnetic or electrostatic effect <class-ref scheme="cpc">B03C</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B03C</class-ref>
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<br/> _____________________________________________________________________ </pre></note-paragraph><note-paragraph><pre>SOLID/LIQUID <br/> SOLID/GAS <br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/> Subclasses dealing with <br/> Operations Method Apparatus <br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/> General <class-ref scheme="cpc">B01D</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B01D</class-ref>
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<br/> by centrifugal force <class-ref scheme="cpc">B01D</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B01D</class-ref>
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<br/> using centrifuges or free-vortex <br/> apparatus <class-ref scheme="cpc">B01D</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B04B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">B04C</class-ref>
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<br/> using magnetic or electrostatic effect <class-ref scheme="cpc">B03C</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B03C</class-ref>
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<br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/></pre></note-paragraph><note-paragraph><pre>SOLID/SOLID <br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/> Dry Methods <br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/> Subclasses dealing with <br/> Operations Method Apparatus <br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/> General for material in bulk <class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>
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<br/> Individual sorting <class-ref scheme="cpc">B07C</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B07C</class-ref>
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<br/> Screening, sifting, pneumatic sorting <class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>
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<br/> using pneumatic tables or jigs <class-ref scheme="cpc">B03B</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B03B</class-ref>
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<br/> by magnetic or electrostatic effect <class-ref scheme="cpc">B03C</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B03C</class-ref>
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<br/> by centrifugal force <class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>
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<br/> using centrifuges or free-vortex <br/> apparatus <class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B04B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">B04C</class-ref>
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<br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/> Wet Methods <br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/> Subclasses dealing with <br/> Operations Method Apparatus <br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/> General <class-ref scheme="cpc">B03B</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B03B</class-ref>
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<br/> flotation, differential sedimentation <class-ref scheme="cpc">B03D</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B03D</class-ref>
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<br/> screening <class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>
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<class-ref scheme="cpc">B07B</class-ref>
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<br/> _____________________________________________________________________ <br/> Combinations = dry methods - wet methods: <class-ref scheme="cpc">B03B</class-ref>
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<br/> _____________________________________________________________________</pre></note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph></note></notes-and-warnings></classification-item>
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<classification-item breakdown-code="false" not-allocatable="true" level="2" additional-only="false" link-file="cpc-scheme-C.xml" sort-key="C" date-revised="2013-01-01" status="published"><classification-symbol>C</classification-symbol><class-title date-revised="2013-01-01"><title-part><text>CHEMISTRY</text></title-part><title-part><text>METALLURGY</text></title-part></class-title><notes-and-warnings date-revised="2013-01-01"><note type="note"><note-paragraph>In section <class-ref scheme="cpc">C</class-ref>, the definitions of groups of chemical elements are as follows: <subnote type="bullet"><note-paragraph>ALKALI METALS: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>ALKALINE EARTH METALS: Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>LANTHANIDES: elements with atomic numbers 57 to 71 inclusive </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>RARE EARTHS: Sc, Y, Lanthanides </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>ACTINIDES: elements with atomic numbers 89 to 103 inclusive </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>REFRACTORY METALS: Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Ta, W </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>HALOGENS: F, Cl, Br, I, At </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>NOBLE GASES: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>PLATINUM GROUP: Os, Ir, Pt, Ru, Rh, Pd </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>NOBLE METALS: Ag, Au, Platinum group </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>LIGHT METALS: alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Be, Al, Mg </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>HEAVY METALS: metals other than light metals </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>IRON GROUP: Fe, Co, Ni </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>NON-METALS: H, B, C, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, Te, noble gases, halogens </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>METALS: elements other than non-metals </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>TRANSITION ELEMENTS: elements with atomic numbers 21 to 30 inclusive, 39 to 48 inclusive, 57 to 80 inclusive, 89 upwards</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph>The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme; they must not be read as modifying in any way the elaborations. <subnote type="number"><note-paragraph>Section <class-ref scheme="cpc">C</class-ref> <u>covers:</u> <subnote type="alpha"><note-paragraph>pure chemistry, which covers inorganic compounds, organic compounds, macromolecular compounds, and their methods of preparation;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>applied chemistry, which covers compositions containing the above compounds, such as: glass, ceramics, fertilisers, plastics compositions, paints, products of the petroleum industry. It also covers certain compositions on account of their having particular properties rendering them suitable for certain purposes, as in the case of explosives, dyestuffs, adhesives, lubricants, and detergents;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>certain marginal industries, such as the manufacture of coke and of solid or gaseous fuels, the production and refining of oils, fats, and waxes, the fermentation industry, (e.g. brewing and wine-making) the sugar industry;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>certain operations or treatments, which are either purely mechanical, e.g. the mechanical treatment of leather and skins, or partly mechanical, e.g. the treatment of water, or the prevention of corrosion in general;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>metallurgy, ferrous or non-ferrous alloys.</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph><subnote type="alpha"><note-paragraph>In the case of operations, treatments, products, or articles which have both a chemical and non-chemical part or aspect, the general rule is that the chemical part or aspect is covered by section <class-ref scheme="cpc">C</class-ref>.</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>In some of these cases, the chemical part or aspect brings with it a non-chemical one, even though purely mechanical, because this latter aspect either is essential to the operation or treatment or constitutes an important element of it; it has seemed, in fact, more logical not to dissociate the different parts or aspects of a coherent whole. This is the case for applied chemistry and for the industries, operations, and treatments mentioned in Notes 1), c), d) and e). For example, furnaces peculiar to the manufacture of glass are covered by class <class-ref scheme="cpc">C03</class-ref> and not by class <class-ref scheme="cpc">F27</class-ref>.</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>There are, however, some exceptions in which the mechanical (or non-chemical) aspect carries with it the chemical aspect, for example: <subnote type="bullet"><note-paragraph>certain extractive processes in subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">A61K</class-ref>; </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>the chemical purification of air in subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">A61L</class-ref>; </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>chemical methods of fire-fighting in subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">A62D</class-ref>; </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>chemical processes and apparatus in class <class-ref scheme="cpc">B01</class-ref>; </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>imnpregnation of wood in subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">B27K</class-ref>; </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>chemical methods of analysis or testing in subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">G01N</class-ref>; </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>photographic materials and processes in class <class-ref scheme="cpc">G03</class-ref>, and generally, the chemical treatment of textiles and the production of cellulose or paper in section <class-ref scheme="cpc">D</class-ref>.</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph>In still other cases, the pure chemical aspect is covered by section <class-ref scheme="cpc">C</class-ref> and the applied chemical aspect by another section such as <class-ref scheme="cpc">A</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F</class-ref>, e.g. the use of a substance or composition for <subnote type="bullet"><note-paragraph>treatment of plants or animals covered by subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">A01N</class-ref>; </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>foodstuffs covered by class <class-ref scheme="cpc">A23</class-ref>; </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>munitions or explosives covered by class <class-ref scheme="cpc">F42</class-ref>.</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph>When the chemical and mechanical aspects are so closely interlocked that a neat and simple division is not possible, or when certain mechanical processes follow as a natural or logical continuation of a chemical treatment, section <class-ref scheme="cpc">C</class-ref> may cover, in addition to the chemical aspect, a part only of the mechanical aspect, e.g. after-treatments of artificial stone covered by class <class-ref scheme="cpc">C04</class-ref>. In this latter case a note or a reference is usually given to make the position clear, even if sometimes the division is rather arbitrary.</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph></note></notes-and-warnings></classification-item>
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<classification-item breakdown-code="false" not-allocatable="true" level="2" additional-only="false" link-file="cpc-scheme-D.xml" sort-key="D" date-revised="2013-01-01" status="published"><classification-symbol>D</classification-symbol><class-title date-revised="2013-01-01"><title-part><text>TEXTILES</text></title-part><title-part><text>PAPER</text></title-part></class-title></classification-item>
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<classification-item breakdown-code="false" not-allocatable="true" level="2" additional-only="false" link-file="cpc-scheme-E.xml" sort-key="E" date-revised="2013-01-01" status="published"><classification-symbol>E</classification-symbol><class-title date-revised="2013-01-01"><title-part><text>FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS</text></title-part></class-title></classification-item>
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<classification-item breakdown-code="false" not-allocatable="true" level="2" additional-only="false" link-file="cpc-scheme-F.xml" sort-key="F" date-revised="2019-02-01" status="published"><classification-symbol>F</classification-symbol><class-title date-revised="2017-05-01"><title-part><text>MECHANICAL ENGINEERING</text></title-part><title-part><text>LIGHTING</text></title-part><title-part><text>HEATING</text></title-part><title-part><text>WEAPONS</text></title-part><title-part><text>BLASTING</text></title-part></class-title><notes-and-warnings date-revised="2013-01-01"><note type="note"><note-paragraph><u>Guide to the use of this subsection (classes <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01</class-ref>-<class-ref scheme="cpc">F04</class-ref>)</u> <br/>The following notes are meant to assist in the use of this part of the classification scheme. <subnote type="number"><note-paragraph> In this subsection, subclasses or groups designating "engines" or "pumps" cover methods of operating the same, unless otherwise specifically provided for. </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> In this subsection, the following terms or expressions are used with the meanings indicated: <subnote type="bullet"><note-paragraph> "engine" means a device for continuously converting fluid energy into mechanical power. Thus, this term includes, for example, steam piston engines or steam turbines, <u>per se</u>, or internal-combustion piston engines, but it excludes single-stroke devices. "Engine" also includes the fluid-motive portion of a meter unless such portion is particularly adapted for use in a meter; </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "pump" means a device for continuously raising, forcing, compressing, or exhausting fluid by mechanical or other means. <subnote><note-paragraph> Thus, this term includes fans or blowers; </note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "machine" means a device which could equally be an engine and a pump, and not a device which is restricted to an engine or one which is restricted to a pump;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, in which variations of volume created by the working fluid in a working chamber produce equivalent displacements of the mechanical member transmitting the energy, the dynamic effect of the fluid being of minor importance, and <u>vice versa</u>; <br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "non-positive displacement" means the way the energy of a working fluid is transformed into mechanical energy, by transformation of the energy of the working fluid into kinetic energy, and <u>vice versa</u>;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "oscillating-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member oscillates. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "rotary-piston machine" means a positive-displacement machine in which a fluid-engaging work-transmitting member rotates about a fixed axis or about an axis moving along a circular or similar orbit. This definition applies also to engines and pumps;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "rotary piston" means the work-transmitting member of a rotary-piston machine and may be of any suitable form, e.g., like a toothed gear;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "cooperating members" means the "oscillating piston" or "rotary piston" and another member, e.g., the working-chamber wall, which assists in the driving or pumping action;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>"movement of the co-operating members" is to be interpreted as relative, so that one of the "co-operating members" may be stationary, even though reference may be made to its rotational axis, or both may move; </note-paragraph> <note-paragraph> "teeth or tooth equivalents" include lobes, projections or abutments;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "internal-axis type" means that the rotational axes of the inner and outer co-operating members remain at all times within the outer member, e.g., in a similar manner to that of a pinion meshing with the internal teeth of a ring gear;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "free piston" means a piston of which the length of stroke is not defined by any member driven thereby;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> cylinders" means positive-displacement working chambers in general. Thus, this term is not restricted to cylinders of circular cross-section;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> main shaft" means the shaft which converts reciprocating piston motion into rotary motion or <u>vice versa</u>;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "plant" means an engine together with such additional apparatus as is necessary to run the engine. For example, a steam engine plant includes a steam engine and means for generating the steam;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "working fluid" means the driven fluid in a pump or the driving fluid in an engine. The working fluid can be in a compressible, gaseous state, called elastic fluid, e.g. steam; in a liquid state; or in a state where there is coexistence of an elastic fluid and liquid phase. </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "steam" includes condensable vapours in general, and "special vapour" is used when steam is excluded;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> "reaction type" as applied to non-positive-displacement machines or engines means machines or engines in which pressure/velocity transformation takes place wholly or partly in the rotor. Machines or engines with no, or only slight, pressure/velocity transformation in the rotor are called "impulse type". </note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph>In this subsection: <subnote type="bullet"><note-paragraph> cyclically operating valves, lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling are classified in subclasses <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01L</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01M</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01N</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01P</class-ref> irrespective of their stated application, unless their classifying features are peculiar to their application, in which case they are classified only in the relevant subclass of classes <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01</class-ref>- <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04</class-ref>;<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> lubricating, gas-flow silencers or exhaust apparatus, or cooling of machines or engines are classified in subclasses <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01M</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01N</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01P</class-ref> except for those peculiar to steam engines which are classified in subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01B</class-ref>. </note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph> For use of this subsection with a good understanding, it is essential to remember, so far as subclasses <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01C</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01D</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F03B</class-ref>, and <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04C</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04D</class-ref>, which form its skeleton, are concerned: <subnote type="bullet"><note-paragraph>the principle which resides in their elaboration </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>the classifying characteristics which they call for, and </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>their complementarity<subnote type="roman"><note-paragraph><u>Principle</u> <subnote><note-paragraph> This concerns essentially the subclasses listed above. Other subclasses, notably those of class <class-ref scheme="cpc">F02</class-ref>, which cover better-defined matter, are not considered here.<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> Each subclass covers fundamentally a genus of apparatus (engine or pump) and by extension covers equally "machines" of the same kind. Two different subjects, one having a more general character than the other, are thus covered by the same subclass.<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> Subclasses <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F03B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04B</class-ref>, beyond the two subjects which they cover, have further a character of generality in relation to other subclasses concerning the different species of apparatus in the genus concerned.<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> This generality applies as well for the two subjects dealt with, without these always being in relation to the same subclasses.<br/> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph> Thus, subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">F03B</class-ref>, in its part dealing with "machines", should be considered as being the general class relating to subclasses <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04B</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04C</class-ref>, and in its part dealing with "engines" as being general in relation to subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">F03C</class-ref>.<br/> </note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph><u>Characteristics</u> <subnote type="alpha"><note-paragraph>The principal classifying characteristic of the subclass is that of genera of apparatus, of which there are three possible: <subnote><note-paragraph>Machines; engines; pumps.</note-paragraph></subnote> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>As stated above, "machines" are always associated with one of the other two genera.These main genera are subdivided according to the general principles of operation of the apparatus: <subnote><note-paragraph>Positive displacement; non-positive displacement.</note-paragraph></subnote> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>The positive displacement apparatus are further subdivided according to the ways of putting into effect the principle of operation, that is, to the kind of apparatus: <subnote><note-paragraph>Simple reciprocating piston; rotary or oscillating piston; other kind.</note-paragraph></subnote> </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>Another classifying characteristic is that of the working fluid, in respect of which three kinds of apparatus are possible, namely: <subnote><note-paragraph>Liquid and elastic fluid; elastic fluid; liquid.</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph><u>Complementarity</u> <subnote><note-paragraph>This resides in association of pairs of the subclasses listed above, according to the characteristics under consideration in respect of kind of apparatus or working fluid.</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>The subclasses concerned with the various principles, characteristics and complementarity are shown in the following table:</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph></subnote><pre> <br/>______________________________________________________________________ <br/> Kind positive non- Working fluid Relations <br/> of ____________________ posi- ______________________ of gene- <br/> dis- rotary tive rality in <br/> place- reci- or os- liquid respect <br/> ment pro- cillat- and of kind <br/> cating ing elastic elastic of dis- <br/> piston piston other fluid fluid liquid placement <br/>______________________________________________________________________ <br/> MACHINES <br/>__________ <br/> X X X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01B</class-ref> <br/> X X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01C</class-ref> <br/> X X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01D</class-ref> <br/> X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F03B</class-ref> <br/> X X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04B</class-ref> <br/> X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04C</class-ref> <br/> ENGINES <br/>__________ <br/> X X X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01B</class-ref> <br/> X X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01C</class-ref> <br/> X X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01D</class-ref> <br/> X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F03B</class-ref> <br/> X X X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F03C</class-ref> <br/> PUMPS <br/>__________ <br/> X X X X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04B</class-ref> <br/> X X X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04C</class-ref> <br/> X X X X <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04D</class-ref> <br/>______________________________________________________________________ <br/></pre>It is seen from the table that : <br/>- For the same kind of apparatus in a given genus, the characteristic of "working fluid" associates: <br/> <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01B</class-ref> and <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04B</class-ref> ) <br/> <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01C</class-ref> and <class-ref scheme="cpc">F04C</class-ref> ) Machines <br/> <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01D</class-ref> and <class-ref scheme="cpc">F03B</class-ref> ) <br/> <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01B</class-ref> and <class-ref scheme="cpc">F03C</class-ref> ) <br/> <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01C</class-ref> and <class-ref scheme="cpc">F03C</class-ref> ) Engines <br/> <class-ref scheme="cpc">F01D</class-ref> and <class-ref scheme="cpc">F03B</class-ref> ) <br/>- For the same kind of working fluid, the "apparatus" characteristic relates subclasses in the same way as considerations of relative generality.</note-paragraph></note></notes-and-warnings></classification-item>
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<classification-item breakdown-code="false" not-allocatable="true" level="2" additional-only="false" link-file="cpc-scheme-G.xml" sort-key="G" date-revised="2017-05-01" status="published"><classification-symbol>G</classification-symbol><class-title date-revised="2013-01-01"><title-part><text>PHYSICS</text></title-part></class-title><notes-and-warnings date-revised="2013-01-01"><note type="note"><note-paragraph>In this section, the following term is used with the meaning indicated : <subnote type="bullet"><note-paragraph>"variable" (as a noun) means a feature or property, (e.g. a dimension, a physical condition such as temperature, a quality such as density or colour) which, in respect of a particular entity (e.g. an object, a quantity of a substance, a beam of light) and at a particular instant, is capable of being measured; the variable may change, so that its numerical expression may assume different values at different times or in different conditions or individual cases, but may be constant in respect of a particular entity in certain conditions or for practical purposes, (e.g. the len gth of a bar may be regarded as constant for many purposes).</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph>Attention is drawn to the definitions of terms used appearing in the notes of several of the classes in this Section, particularly of "measuring" in class <class-ref scheme="cpc">G01</class-ref> and "control" and "regulation" in class <class-ref scheme="cpc">G05</class-ref>.</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>The classification of inventions in this Section may present more difficulty than in others because the distinction between different fields of use rests to a considerable extent on differences in the intention of the user rather than on any constructional differences or differences in the manner of use of inventions, and also because the subjects dealt with are often in effect systems or combinations which have features or parts in common rather than "things" which are readily distinguishable as a whole. For example, information, (e.g. a set of figures) may be displayed for the purpose of education or advertising (<class-ref scheme="cpc">G09</class-ref>), for enabling the result of a measurement to be known (<class-ref scheme="cpc">G01</class-ref>), for signalling the information to a distant point or for giving information which has been signalled from a distant point (<class-ref scheme="cpc">G08</class-ref>); the words used to describe the purpose depend on features which may be irrelevant to the form of the apparatus concerned - such features as the desired effect on the person who sees the display or whether the display is controlled from a remote point. Again, a device which responds to some change in a condition, e.g. in the pressure of a fluid, may be used, without modification of the device itself, to give information about the pressure (<class-ref scheme="cpc">G01L</class-ref>) or about some other condition connected with the pressure (another subclass of <class-ref scheme="cpc">G01</class-ref>, e.g. <class-ref scheme="cpc">G01K</class-ref> for temperature), to make a record of the pressure or of its occurrence (<class-ref scheme="cpc">G07C</class-ref>), to give an alarm (<class-ref scheme="cpc">G08B</class-ref>), or to control some other apparatus (<class-ref scheme="cpc">G05</class-ref>). The classification scheme is intended to enable things of a similar nature (as indicated above) to be classified together, and it is therefore particularly necessary for the real nature of any invention to be decided before it can be properly classified.</note-paragraph></note></notes-and-warnings></classification-item>
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<classification-item breakdown-code="false" not-allocatable="true" level="2" additional-only="false" link-file="cpc-scheme-H.xml" sort-key="H" date-revised="2020-01-01" status="published"><classification-symbol>H</classification-symbol><class-title date-revised="2013-01-01"><title-part><text>ELECTRICITY</text></title-part></class-title><notes-and-warnings><note type="note"><note-paragraph>These notes cover the basic principles and general instructions for use of section <class-ref scheme="cpc">H</class-ref>. <subnote type="Roman"><note-paragraph>Section <class-ref scheme="cpc">H</class-ref> covers : <subnote type="alpha"><note-paragraph>basic electric elements, which cover all electric units and the general mechanical structure of apparatus and circuits, including the assembly of various basic elements into what are called printed circuits and also cover to a certain extent the manufacture of these elements (when not covered elsewhere);</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>generation of electricity, which covers the generation, conversion, and distribution of electricity together with the controlling of the corresponding gear;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>applied electricity, which covers : <subnote type="roman"><note-paragraph>general utilisation techniques, viz. those of electric heating and electric lighting circuits;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>some special utilisation techniques, either electric or electronic in the strict sense, which are not covered by other sections of the Classification, including : <subnote type="number"><note-paragraph>electric light sources, including lasers; </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>electric X-ray technique; </note-paragraph><note-paragraph>electric plasma technique and the generation and acceleration of electrically charged particles or neutrons;</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph>basic electronic circuits and their control;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>radio or electric communication technique, including electromechanical transducers in general;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>the use of a specified material for the manufacture of the article or element described. In this connection, paragraphs 56 to 58 of the Guide should be referred to.</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph>In this section, the following general rules apply : <subnote type="alpha"><note-paragraph>subject to the exceptions stated in I (c) above, any electric aspect or part peculiar to a particular operation, process, apparatus, object, or article classified in one of the sections of the Classification other than section <class-ref scheme="cpc">H</class-ref> is always classified in the subclass for that operation, process, apparatus, object, or article, or where common characteristics concerning technical subjects of similar nature have been brought out at class level, it is classified, in conjunction with the operation, process, apparatus, object, or article in a subclass which covers entirely the general electrical applications for the technical subject in question;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>such electrical applications, either general or particular, include <subnote type="roman"><note-paragraph>the therapeutic processes and apparatus, in class <class-ref scheme="cpc">A61</class-ref>;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>the electric processes and apparatus used in various laboratory or industrial operations, in classes <class-ref scheme="cpc">B01</class-ref>, <class-ref scheme="cpc">B03</class-ref>, and subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">B23K</class-ref>;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>the electricity supply, electric propulsion and electric lighting of vehicles in general and of particular vehicles, in the "Transporting" subsection of section <class-ref scheme="cpc">B</class-ref>;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>the electric ignition systems of internal-combustion engines, in subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">F02P</class-ref>, and of combustion apparatus in general, in subclass <class-ref scheme="cpc">F23Q</class-ref>;</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>the whole electrical part of section <class-ref scheme="cpc">G</class-ref>, i.e. measuring devices including apparatus for measuring electric variables, checking, signalling, and calculating. Electricity in that section is generally dealt with as a means and not as an end in itself;</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph><note-paragraph>all electrical applications, both general and particular, presuppose that the "basic electricity" aspect appears in section <class-ref scheme="cpc">H</class-ref> (<u>see</u> 1 (a) above) as regards the electric "basic elements" which they comprise. This rule is also valid for applied electricity, referred to under 1 (c) above, which appears in section <class-ref scheme="cpc">H</class-ref> itself.</note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph></subnote></note-paragraph></note></notes-and-warnings></classification-item>
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<classification-item breakdown-code="false" not-allocatable="true" level="2" additional-only="true" link-file="cpc-scheme-Y.xml" sort-key="Y" date-revised="2013-01-01" status="published"><classification-symbol>Y</classification-symbol><class-title date-revised="2013-01-01"><title-part><text>GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS</text></title-part><title-part><text>GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC</text></title-part><title-part><text>TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS</text></title-part></class-title><notes-and-warnings><note type="note"><note-paragraph>In this section, classes <class-ref scheme="cpc">Y02</class-ref> and <class-ref scheme="cpc">Y04</class-ref> are only to be used for tagging documents which are already classified or indexed elsewhere and which relate in a broad sense to specific major technical fields, these fields being defined by the notes following the title of the subclasses of this section.</note-paragraph><note-paragraph> As the primary purpose of the tagging according to Note (1) is to monitor new technological development and to tag cross-sectional technologies that do not fit in a single other section of the IPC, the tagging codes of this section do not in any way replace the classification or indexing codes of the other sections.</note-paragraph><note-paragraph>Class <class-ref scheme="cpc">Y10</class-ref> has been introduced in July 2012 in view of the CPC to accommodate for technical subjects formerly covered by USPC cross-reference art collections [XRACs] and digests</note-paragraph></note></notes-and-warnings></classification-item></class-scheme> |